(^_^) Lớp học tiếng Anh Mrs. Thuy_ED (^_^)(Chủ điểm IDIOMS từ p.11- 30) (TALKING ENGLISH IN BUSINESS

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This article traces the history of New York City, New York.
The region was inhabited by about 5,000[1] Lenape Native Americans at the time of its European discovery in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown, who called it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (New Angoulême).[2] European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement, later called "New Amsterdam," on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1625.[1] Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape in 1626. Legend, now disproved, gives the price as $24 worth of glass beads.[3][4] It is very likely that, unlike their European counterparts, the Lenape saw the deal as combination of a protective alliance and a land sharing pact, with a few actual goods exchanged to formalize the agreement.[5] In 1664, the English conquered the city and renamed it "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany.[6] At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War the Dutch let the British keep New Amsterdam (New York) in exchange for the more valuable Run in the East Indies. By 1700, the Lenape population was diminished to 200.[7]
New York City grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King''s College.[8] The city emerged as the theater for a series of major battles known as the New York Campaign during the American Revolutionary War, serving for more than seven years as the main base of British operations in North America (1776-1783). The Continental Congress met in New York City and in 1789 the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated at Federal Hall on Wall Street.[9] New York City was the capital of the United States until 1790.
During the 19th century, when the city was transformed by immigration, by a visionary development proposal called the Commissioners'' Plan of 1811 that expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and by the 1825 opening of the Erie Canal, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the North American interior.[10][11] In 1831, as the city continued to expand, the University of the City of New York, now New York University, was founded at Washington Square in Greenwich Village.
Local politics fell under the domination of Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish immigrants.[12] Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy pressed for Central Park, which became the first landscaped park in an American city in 1857.
Anger at military conscription during the American Civil War (1861?"1865) led to the Draft Riots of 1863, one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.[13] In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan and outlying areas.[14] The opening of the New York City Subway in 1904 helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.
In the 1920s, New York City was a major destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South. By 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance flourished during the era of Prohibition, coincident with a larger economic boom that saw the skyline develop with the construction of competing skyscrapers. For a while, New York City became the most populous city in the world, starting in 1925 and overtaking London, which had reigned for a century (its current position is between 11th and 17th, depending on source[15]). The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.[16]
Returning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe created a postwar economic boom and the development of huge housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America''s ascendance as the world''s dominant economic power, the United Nations headquarters (built in 1952) emphasizing New York''s political influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitating New York''s displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.[17] Yet like many large American cities, New York suffered a decline in manufacturing and rising crime rates, race riots, and white flight in the 1960s. By the 1970s, the city had gained a reputation as a crime-ridden relic of history.
In the 1980s, a resurgence in the financial industry improved the city''s fiscal health. By the 1990s, racial tensions had calmed, crime rates dropped dramatically, and waves of new immigrants arrived from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city''s economy and New York''s population reached an all-time high in the 2000 census.
The city was one of the sites of the September 11, 2001 attacks, when nearly 3,000 people died in the destruction of the World Trade Center. The Freedom Tower will be built on the site and is scheduled for completion in 2012.[18]

The White House is the official home and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the late Georgian style, it has been the executive residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the home in 1801, he, with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades which were meant to conceal stables and storage.[1]
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior walls. Reconstruction began almost immediately and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the ad***ion of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Due to crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had nearly all work offices relocated to the newly-constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; both new wings were connected by Jefferson''s colonnades. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946 creating ad***ional office space. By 1948, the house''s load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled, resulting in the construction of a new internal load-bearing steel framework and the reassembly of the interior rooms.
Today, the White House Complex includes the Executive Residence (where the First Family resides), the West Wing (the location of the Oval Office, Cabinet Room, and Roosevelt Room), and the East Wing (the location of the office of the First Lady and White House Social Secretary), as well as the Old Executive Office Building, which houses the executive offices of the President and Vice President.
The White House is made up of six storiesâ?"the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Third Floor, as well as a two-story basement. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. As the Executive Office of the President of the United States, the term "White House" is regularly used as a metonym for the Executive Office of the President of the United States and for the president''s administration and advisors in general. The property is owned by the National Park Service and is part of the President''s Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects''s "List of America''s Favorite Architecture."

A hot dog is a type of fully-cooked, cured and/or smoked moist sausage of soft, even, texture and flavor. It is usually placed hot in a soft, sliced Hot dog bun of approximately the same length as the sausage, and optionally garnished with condiments and toppings.
The flavor of hot dog sausages varies widely by region and by personal preference, as do the accompaniments. The flavor of the sausage can resemble a range of similar meat products from bologna on the bland side to the German bockwurst in the spicier varieties.
Hot dogs are tra***ionally made from beef, pork, or a combination. Kosher hot dogs are also available, usually all-beef. Unlike many other sausages (which may be sold cooked or uncooked), hot dogs are always cooked before being offered commercially. Unless they have spoiled, hot dogs may be eaten safely without further cooking, although they are usually warmed before serving. Vegetarian hot dogs and sausages, made from meat analogue, are also widely available in most areas where hot dogs are popular.
Hot dogs are also called frankfurters, or franks for short, named for the city of Frankfurt, Germany where sausages in a bun originated, similar to hot dogs, but made exclusively of pork. Another term for hot dogs is wieners or weenies, referring to the city of Vienna, Austria, whose German name is "Wien", home to a sausage made of a mixture of pork and beef. Hot dogs are sometimes called tube steaks.[1] In Australia, the term frankfurt is used rather than frankfurter. In the German speaking countries, except Austria, hot dog sausages are generally called Wiener or Wiener Wẳrstchen (Wẳrstchen means "little sausage"). In Swiss German, it is called Wienerli, while in Austria the terms Frankfurter or Frankfurter Wẳrstel are used.
In the United Kingdom the term hot dog refers to the combination of sausage and bun, with the terms frankfurter or ''hot dog sausage'' being more common terms for the sausage itself. As such hot dogs are sometimes made with British sausages, typically cooked by grilling or frying. When prepared using a frankfurter they may be sold and marketed as German or American-style hot dogs.

Pretty Woman is a 1990 romantic comedy film. The film centers around the titular character, down-on-her-luck prostitute Vivian Ward (Julia Roberts) who is hired by a wealthy businessman and corporate raider, Edward Lewis (Richard Gere) to be his escort for several business functions, and their developing relationship.
Pretty Woman was initially intended to be a dark drama about prostitution in Los Angeles but was reconceptualized into a romantic comedy. The film was a critical success and became one of 1990s highest grossing films, and today is one of the most financially successful entries in the romantic comedy genre, with an estimated gross of $464 million USD.[1] Roberts received a Golden Globe Award for her role, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress. Screenwriter J. F. Lawton was nominated for a Writers Guild Award and a BAFTA Award. The film was followed by a string of similar romantic comedies, including Runaway Bride, which teamed up Gere and Roberts under the direction of Garry Marshall once again.
As a child she dreamed of becoming a veterinarian, but now realizes the fame (according to Entertainment Weekly, 2000 issue) as the highest paid actress in the world, commanding $20 million a film - surpassing even Jodie Foster.
She now ranks with the multi-million dollar men''s club of Harrison Ford, Mel Gibson, Jim Carry and Will Smith.
Julia Fiona Roberts, born October 28, 1967, in Atlanta, Georgia, to a vacuum cleaner salesman and a church secretary was destined for dreams that few will ever realize.
Her father, Walter Roberts, met and married her mother, Betty Lou Bredemus, in 1955. Both were in the Air Force entertaining military troops in a traveling play George Washington Slept Here. The play was directed by Rance Howard (the father of the astounding director Ron Howard).
Both her parents were thespian actors and had conducted many workshops for actors and playwrights prior to Julia''s birth. Her father, Walter, was the founder of the Atlanta Actors and Writers Workshop.
Julia, was raised in Smyrna, Georgia but was born into an acting family - her sister, Lisa Roberts (Billingsley, actress, 1965), her brother, Eric Roberts (actor, 1956), her destiny was charted.
Her parents divorced in 1972 when Julia was four, and her father was remarried to Eileen Sellars (1976) who drowned in 1977. That same year Walter died of throat cancer when Julia was nine. Her mother also was remarried to Michael Motes (1972) and she now has a stepsister, Nancy (1976).
Julia, shortly after graduating from Campbell High School, joined her older sister Lisa in New York where her acting career began. In 1987 she landed a part in a small movie called Firehouse, where she played one of three young women on a fire brigade with the worst reputation in town. This film gave her a stepping-stone to others. She signed up with the Click Modeling Agency to meet the bills and enrolled in several acting classes, none of which she completed.
Eric Roberts, her brother, an established actor convinced director Eric Masterson to cast his little sister for a part with him in the drama movie Blood Red (1989), which was shelved and not released till 1990. So her professional debut didn''t come until 1988 when she appeared on an episode of television''s Crime Story.
Two movies followed that year Satisfaction (about five teenagers in a band) and the whimsical movie Mystic Pizza (she played Daisy, a Portuguese waitress in a small town pizza parlor in Mystic, Connecticut). From Mystic Pizza, her career was on a mountain climb.

History
The earliest known precursor to jeans is the Indian export of a thick cotton cloth, in the 16th century, known as dungaree. Dyed in indigo, it was sold near the Dongarii Fort near Bombay. Sailors cut it *****it them.[1]
Jeans fabric was made in Chieri, a town near Turin (Italy), as early as the 1600s. It was sold through the harbour of Genoa, that was the capital of an independent republic, and a naval power. The first were made for the Genoese Navy because it required all-purpose pants for its sailors that could be worn wet or dry, and whose legs could easily be rolled up to wear while swabbing the deck. These jeans would be laundered by dragging them in large mesh nets behind the ship, and the sea water would bleach them white. According to many people the jeans name comes from bleu de Genes, i.e., blue of Genoa. The raw material used to come from the city of N**es (France) de N**es i.e. denim.
Riveted jeans
In the 1850s Levi Strauss, a German dry goods merchant living in San Francisco, was selling blue jeans under the "Levi''s" name to the mining communities of California. One of Strauss''s customers was Jacob Davis, a tailor who frequently purchased bolts of cloth from the Levi Strauss & Co wholesale house. After one of Davis''s customers kept purchasing cloth to reinforce torn pants, he had an idea to use copper rivets to reinforce the points of strain, such as on the pocket corners and at tof the button fly. Davis did not have the required money to purchase a patent, so he wrote to Strauss suggesting that they both go into business together. After Strauss accepted Davis''s offer, on May 20, 1873, the two men received patent #139,921, a patent for an "Improvement in Fastening Pocket-Openings," from the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
Jeans in popular culture
Blue jeans
Copper rivets for reinforcing pockets are a characteristic feature of blue jeans.
Copper rivets for reinforcing pockets are a characteristic feature of blue jeans.
Initially, blue jeans were simply sturdy trousers worn by workers, especially in the factories during World War II. During this period, men''s jeans had the zipper down the front, whereas women''s jeans had the zipper down the right side. By the 1960s, both men''s and women''s jeans had the zipper down the front. In the United States during the 1950s, wearing of blue jeans by teenagers and young adults became symbolic of mild protest against conformity. This was considered by some older adults as disruptive; for example, some movie theaters and restaurants refused to admit patrons who wore blue jeans. During the 1960s the wearing of blue jeans became more acceptable and by the 1970s had become general fashion in the United States, at least for informal wear. Notably, in the mid-1950s the denim and textiles industry was revolutionized by the introduction of the stone-washing technique by GWG (Great Western Garment Co.). Entrepreneur, importer and noted eccentric, Donald Freeland of Edmonton, Alberta, pioneered the method which helped to bring denim to a larger and more versatile market. Denim suddenly became an attractive product for all age groups and Freeland became one of the most important innovators in the history of denim and denim products. It should be noted, also, that Freeland contributed to a variety of other denim textile developments throughout his career with Great Western Garments (GWG)[2] Acceptance of jeans continued through the 1980s and 1990s to the point where jeans are now a wardrobe staple, with the average North American owning seven pairs[citation needed].
Being imported American products, especially in the case of the Soviet Union which restricted hard currency imports, jeans were somewhat expensive. In Spain they are known as vaqueros or "cowboys," in Danish cowboybukser meaning "cowboy pants" and in Chinese niuzaiku (SC: ỗ?>ọằ"ốÊÔ), literally, "cowboy pants" (trousers), indicating their association with the American West, cowboy culture, and outdoors work.
Jeans can be worn very loose in a manner that completely conceals the shape of the wearer''s lower body, or they can be snugly fitting and accentuate the body. Historic photographs indicate that in the decades before they became a staple of fashion, jeans generally fit quite loosely, much like a pair of bib overalls without the bib. Indeed, until 1960, Levi Strauss denominated its flagship product "waist overalls" rather than "jeans".
Blue jean insulation
Recycled blue jean is becoming a popular insulation material (sometimes called Cotton Batt insulation) used in the construction of houses. Due to its low relative synthetic chemical composition and because it is made of recycled materials, it is gaining prominence in green building circles. Like conventional insulation, it moderates heat transfer and reduces sound transfer between floors or rooms. Blue Jean insulation has an excellent R-Value of 3.7, making it a preferable insulator to typical fiberglass batts even without taking into account the environmental considerations.
Fits
Fits of jeans are determined by current styles, ***, and by the manufacturer. Here are some of the fits produced for jeans:
* Ankle jeans
* Baggy jeans
* Bell bottom/Flares
* Bootcut
* Boy cut or Boyfriend (for women)
* Carpenter jeans
* Classic
* Hip-huggers
* Loose jeans
* Low-rise jeans
* Original jeans
* Overall
* Phat pants
* Relaxed Fit
* Saggy
* Skinny jeans
* Slinkies
* Straight jeans
* Wide leg
* Jorts (Jean shorts)
Rises in jeans (the distance from the crotch to the waistband) range from high-waisted *****perlow-rise (Low rise can be called Low Riders). Jeans for men usually have a longer rise and zipper, whereas women have a shorter rise and zipper, although exceptions do exist and this is largely a function of current trends. In decades past, when high-waisted jeans were popular, it was often the women''s that featured a longer rise.

The IELTS Academic listening test is one area where teachers cannot help students as much as they can in other areas. The skill of listening is one that is developed by practice and there is not much a teacher can say to improve a student''s ability at it. What we can do is to give you some hints for doing the test and also show you the type of question that you will come up against when you do the test. After that, as much practice as possible is the way to improve. This practice can be doing actual IELTS practice listenings or by doing any form of listening in English.
The IELTS Academic listening test is approximately 40 minutes in length and there are four sections each with a separate listening passage. In each section there are 10 questions making 40 in all. Sections 1 and 2 are based on social survival in an English speaking country and sections 3 and 4 are based on a more educational and training orientation. The actual tape lasts for about 30 minutes and then you have 10 minutes at the end of the listening in order to transfer your answers to the answer paper.
Section 1 Here you will listen to a conversation between 2 people. The conversation is divided into 2 parts. You have to answer 10 questions based on what you hear. At the start of section 1 you will have an example read out to you and then explained. This is then repeated when the listening starts properly.
Section 2 Here you will hear a monologue though it may include a second speaker asking questions in order to stimulate the monologue. The monologue is divided into 2 parts. You have to answer 10 questions based on what you hear.
Section 3 Here you will listen to a conversation between 2, 3 or 4 people. The conversation is divided into 2 parts. You have to answer 10 questions based on what you hear.
Section 4 Here you will hear a monologue though it may include a second speaker asking questions in order to stimulate the monologue. The monologue is divided into 2 parts. You have to answer 10 questions based on what you hear.
The main problem that candidates have with the IELTS Academic listening test is that the listening tape is only played once. Therefore you have to be quite quick and very alert in order to pick up the answers, write them down and be ready for the next answer. Another area where students have problems is that they are used to listening to a live speaker in front of them when they can look at the lips and the body movements. IELTS candidates listen to a tape and this is not a natural skill. As I said above, you have to get as much practice at this skill as possible in order to maximise your chances of getting a good band.
Marking
There are 40 questions in the IELTS Academic Listening Test and 1 mark is awarded for each correct answer. There are no half marks. Your final mark out of 40 is then converted to a band from 1 - 9 using a converting table and this band is then averaged with the other 3 parts of the test to give your final IELTS band. Band scores for the listening test and the final band are given as a whole band or a half band. The converting table used to change your mark out of 40 to the band out of 9 changes with every test. However, below you can see a rough guide that you can use to assess your practice. There is no guarantee that you will perform the same in the real test itself as the test converters vary with each test, but it can be a guide to your progress.
IELTS Academic Listening Test Marks, Bands and Results - Rough Guide Converter
Score Band
1
2-3
4-9
10-16
17-24
25-31
32-36
37-38
39-40 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
IELTS Academic Listening Test Question Types
In the IELTS Academic listening test the same types of question come up every time so it will help you to know what these types are. They are as follows:
multiple choice
õ? short answer
õ? sentence completion
õ? notes/summary/diagram/flow chart/table completion
õ? labeling a diagram with numbered parts
õ? classification
õ? matching lists/phrases
These question types can all be found in IELTS practice tests including the ones in IELTS Practice Now question papers. As usual, practice is the key. Listening to tapes and doing the practice questions is the best possible preparation you can have.
Practice for The IELTS Academic Listening Test
There are different types of practice that you can do to improve your listening skills for the IELTS exam. The best, as I''ve said before, is to practice on specific IELTS practice material. After that though there are other things. Listening to the radio is excellent as it is the same skill as the IELTS listening test - listening to a voice without the speaker(s) being present. Listening to the TV is good too but you can see the speaker. You could try turning your back to the TV as this will make it more realistic. Listening to the news on TV and radio is probably the best practice you could do with these two media. You can also see English speaking films at the cinema or at home on TV or video. All these things will develop your listening skills.
IELTS Academic Listening Test Strategies
There isn''t much you can do but there some things. First of all, you get time to read the questions at the start of each section and mid-way in each section. Use this time (usually 20 seconds) wisely. You should know in advance all the questions before you hear the tape. At the end of the sections you also get some time to check your answers. Use this time to check through and then turn ahead to read the next questions in advance.
When you read the questions you can usually predict some of the types of answer that will come. For example, in section 1, if you can see that the test is asking for a telephone number, then you know you''ll be listening out for numbers and the word telephone. In the later sections this becomes more complicated but the same technique can be used. Think about this when you are practising so you can develop this skill.
Tips and Ideas about the IELTS Academic Listening Test
As in all IELTS tests, the questions get harder as it goes on. You will see from your practice that the types of listening and questions that you encounter in Section 1 are more difficult in Section 2 and so on. This does not mean that by Section 4 they are impossible but they are more demanding linguistically.
Beware of some questions which require a number (i.e.: a telephone number) or some letters (i.e.: a postcode) as sometimes what you think is the answer will be read out only for the speaker to correct him or her self and then say the correct answer.
An important tip is to answer all the questions as you hear them; don''t wait until later. Sometimes people in these tests hear the correct answer but decide to remember the answer and write it down later so they can wait for the next answer. This I feel is a mistake. Firstly, people will very often forget this answer and secondly, if you follow this method, you will have to remember up to 5 or 6 answers in a row before you can write them down. Then you''ll forget even more.
As I said above, at the end of the test you have 10 minutes extra to transfer your answers from the question paper to the answer paper. Some people put their answers directly onto the answer paper. I feel it''s better to write the answers on the question paper and use the 10 minutes given at the end for the transfer. Writing the answers on the question paper allows you to keep your concentration on the questions and, if you make a mistake, it''s not so difficult to correct.
One area that students don''t like is that, in the listening test, good grammar and spelling are important. The grammar part is not so important as you can''t make many grammar errors in 3 words (the maximum you use in the listening test) but, if you spell something wrong, it will be marked as wrong. People think, quite rightly in my opinion, that the listening should test whether you understand what you heard and not how you spell something but these are the rules. So, be careful about your spelling!
If the question asks for no more than 3 words, use no more than 3 words. Writing 4 words is wrong. You won''t be asked to do it in 3 words or less unless it is possible so don''t worry; it can always be done.
Don''t panic if you miss an answer. If it has really gone, then it is history. Worrying and panicking is only going to make you miss another one. One miss is probably not going to destroy your mark so calm down and listen for the next one. Sometimes you think you have missed it but you are mistaken. If you are calm and keep listening, maybe the answer will come or even be repeated.
Never leave a question unanswered; especially if it is only an A,B,C,D question or something similar. Guess if you really don''t know. There are no marks taken away for wrong answers or even stupid answers. So, have a go! Logic, general knowledge or just luck might give you the right answer!
Anyway, work hard and good luck with the IELTS Academic Listening Test

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