Các loại súng được trang bị cho quân đội và cảnh sát trên thế giới (hình ảnh là chủ yếu)

Đây là khẩu Barret M82 .50 caliber sniper rifle.
Là súng bắn tỉa hàng đầu hiện nay thoe mình nghĩ
Một vài thông số của nó:
Dài: 144.8 cm
Đạn 12.7 mm (.510 in)
Loại: semi-automatic
Tốc độ ra khỏi nòng: 853 m/s
Tầm sát thương: 1,800 m (2,200 yd)

        
     
          Bắt đầu tìm hiểu về kỹ thuật quân sự các nước. 
 

Súng phóng lựu có thể phóng lựu đạn xa hơn, chính xác hơn và nhanh hơn nhiều so với lựu đạn tay. Lọai súng phóng lựu nhỏ thường là loại đơn lẻ hoặc được gắn dưới nòng súng trường. Cũng có nhiều loại súng trường được thiết kế để có thể phóng lựu đạn từ đầu nòng
Phần lớn các loại súng phóng lựu đều nhỏ, 1 người có thể mang được, tư thế bắn như bắn súng trường. Các loại này thường bắn phát một, nạp đạn bằng tay, dùng đạn cỡ 30-40 mm. Không giống lựu đạn thường, đạn lựu phóng thực chất là đạn pháo thu nhỏ.
Ngoài ra còn có những loại súng phóng tự động như Mk 19 của Mỹ, thường được mang vác bởi bộ binh hoặc gắn trên xe cộ. Với nhịp bắn cao, chúng có thể bắn chặn hỏa lực của đôi phương, tiêu diệt hoặc vô hiệu hóa các loại phương tiện, công trình. Súng phóng lựu tự động bắn được các loại đạn khói, đạn gây nhiễu, pháo sáng, đạn thông thường chống bộ binh.
Nhiều loại súng trường ngày nay được thiết kế để phóng lựu từ đầu nòng, dùng loại đạn không đầu làm liều phóng hoặc cho đầu đạn "chui" qua 1 lỗ ở giữa đáy lựu đạn. Loại này có 2 lợi thế: đạn có thể chế tạo to hơn, công phá mạnh hơn các loại lựu đạn thông thường nhưng lại không ảnh hưởng mấy đến khối lượng súng, không gây vướng víu cho xạ thủ. Tuy vậy phương pháp này có nhược điểm là xạ thủ phải tháo viên đạn trong súng ra để nạp liều phóng, lựu đạn. Nếu không bắn đạn lựu được, người lính không thể nạp lại đạn súng trường ngay lập tức. Ngoài ra liều phóng nhỏ cũng khiến đạn bắn không được xa và nhanh.
Súng phóng gắn dưới nòng súng trường lại khác. Chúng có cò riêng, có thể nạp đạn và bắn độc lập với súng trường. Chúng cũng có thước ngắm riêng và lực giật chỉ như 1 khẩu shotgun. 1 loại súng phóng lựu nhẹ khác có thể bắn liên tục nhiều phát như khẩu M32. Súng này có ổ đạn hình trụ như súng lục ổ quay, thường được quy vào 1 loại riêng.
Loại súng phóng lựu tự động đều có sơ tốc đạn cao hơn các họ hàng nhỏ bé của chúng. Các súng này đang có xu hướng được phát triển nhỏ gọn hơn, bắn nhanh và tập trung hơn. 1 số súng điển hình của loại này là Mk 19 của Mỹ, AGS 17 của Nga, HK GMG của Đức.

M203 40mm underbarrel grenade launcher (USA)

XM148 / Colt CG-4 grenade launcher on early model M16 rifle. The XM148 served as a proof of concept for more sucessful M203 grenade launcher

M203 40mm grenade launcher installed on the M16A1 assault rifle

M203 grenade launcher with M16 handguards, removed from the rifle

Drawing from M203 manual, which depicts the loading process, from top to bottom: 1) opening the breech 2) inserting the round of ammunition and 3) closing the breech
Caliber: 40mm (40x46)
Overall length: 380 mm
Weight: 1.36 kg unloaded
Effective range: up to 150 meters point target, up to 350 meters area target
The M203 grenade launcher has been developed between 1967 and 1968 by the AAI Corporation of USA on the contract from US Army. this contract has been issued on the basis of the experience, gained by the US armed forces in Vietnam with the M79 40mm grenade launcher (which was successful design but required an ad***ional personal defense weapon to be carried by grenadier) and unsuccessful XM-148/CG-4 40mm underbarrel grenade launcher, developed in mid-sixties by Colt in attempt to cure deficiencies of the M79. The new underbarrel grenade launcher was intended to be used with all available 40mm ammunition, and to be attached to the existing infantry rifle then in service, the M16A1.In the late 1968 the AAI design has been type classified as XM203, and in early 1970 first M203 units went to Vietnam for field evaluation. After successful tests US Army ordered large quantities of M203, and since AAI had no resources fore mass production, the manufacturing contract has been issued to Colt. latter on, more or less exact copies of M203 were produced in Egypt, South Korea and Bulgaria (as UBGL-M1, with mount suitable for Kalashnikov AKM and AK-74 type rifles). During the 1990s, M203 went into several modifications, such as shorter-barreled M203A2 (with 9 inch barrel, as opposed to standard 12 inch barrel), intended for shorter M4 carbines used by US SOCOM, as well as versions with MIL-STD 1913 (Picatinny rail) compatible mounts. M203 launchers are still being used by US armed forces, and by many other armies, including those of Australia, Israel, South Korea, Philippines, Turkey and some others.
The M203 is a single-shot, breech-loading weapon with rifled barrel. The loading is achieved by sliding the aluminum barrel forward, then inserting the round of ammunition into the breech and sliding the loaded barrel back into the battery. The barrel is held in-battery by the manually controlled lock, which is disengaged by depressing the barrel catch lever at the left side of the launcher, above the middle of the barrel. The loaded cartridge is held at the breech face by the extractor claws, and remains stationary when barrel is opened forward. Once the barrel clears the fired case or unfired round, it is free to fall down from the breech face, so the next round can me loaded if necessary. The self-****ing firing unit with its own trigger is located at the rear of the M203 receiver, also made from aluminum alloy. The manual safety in the form of the swinging flap is located inside the trigger guard, just ahead of the trigger. The rear part of the barrel is covered with polymer handgrip. The standard M203 easily installs on the M16A1 or M16A2 type rifle, and installation requires about 5 minutes of work and a standard screwdriver for clamping screws. If necessary, M203 can be mounted on a separate shoulder-stock / pistol grip assemblies (available from several companies, such as Colt or Knight''s Armament) to be used as a stand-alone weapon. Standard sights for M203 are of ladder type, and graduated from 50 to 250 meters in 50m increments. The optional quadrant sight can be installed on the left side of the M16A1/A2 carrying handle, and it allows aiming at the ranges of up to 400 meters.

GP-25 and GP-30 underbarrel grenade launcher (USSR / Russia)

GP-25 launcher mounted on the AK-74 assault rifle. Note how the quadrant sight is mounted on the left side of the launcher mount

GP-30 launcher mounted on the AK-74 assault rifle. Note rubber recoil pad on the stock, which is issued with every GP-25 and GP-30 launcher

GP-30 launcher mounted on the AK-74 assault rifle. Note how the quadrant sight is mounted on the right side of the launcher mount

40mm grenades for GP-25 and GP-30 launchers, made in Bulgaria by "Arsenal": left VOG-25 (Arsenal designation RHE-F), right VOG-25P (Arsenal designation RHE-FJ, Jumping). The smaller diameter part at the rear of both grenades contains propellant and primer.
Caliber: 40mm
Overall length: 320 mm GP-25, 276mm GP-30
Weight: 1.5 kg unloaded GP-25, 1.3 kg unloaded GP-30
Effective range: up to 150 meters
The GP-25 (Granatomyot Podstvolnyj=underbarrel grenade launcher) was developed between 1975 and 1978, based on the earlier experiments, conducted in USSR during late 1960s. GP-25 has been adopted by soviet army in 1978 for use with both 7.62mm AKM and 5.45mm AK-74 Kalashnikov assault rifles. In 1989 Russian army adopted the improved design, GP-30, which, while retaining the same combat effectiveness, is lighter, simpler and less expensive to make.
Both launchers use same ammunition - the 40mm fragmentation grenades VOG-25 and VOG-25P, and a less-lethal ''Gvozd'' (Nail) canister round with tear gas. Both types of grenades utilize same integral "caseless" design, with the propellant and primer contained in the base of the grenade, so, when grenade is fired, there''s nothing left in the barrel to remove/extract prior to loading of next grenade.
The barrel of single-shot launcher is rifled. Grenades are loaded from the muzzle and held in the barrel by a spring catch. Unfired grenades are extracted using a built-in push-out extractor, located at the left side if the weapon. The firing mechanism is of double-action type, with manual safety and several automated safeties, which blocks the firing if launcher is not properly installed on host rifle or grenade not completely loaded. On the GP-25, sights are mounted on the left side of the launcher, and had ad***ional indirect fire scale for firing at longer ranges (up to 400 meters); on the GP-30, the indirect fire capability has been discarded, and sights were moved to the right side of weapon, making the aiming more comfortable. Each grenade launcher is issued with rubber recoil pad for host rifle, and a special return spring guide with receiver cover catch for use on early production Kalashnikov rifles.
The VOG-25 and VOG-25P grenades provide effective range of about 100-150 meters. Grenades have point-impact fuses with timer self-destruct function and safety stand-off range of about 40 meters. Effective damage range of blast/fragments is about 5 meters. The grenades have pre-engraved rifling groves to fit into rifled barrel. The key difference between VOG-25 and VOG-25P grenades is that the latter is of bouncing type. This means that upon the impact on the ground, a special charge in the nose of grenade ignites and bounces it to a height of approximately one meter, where grenade explodes.

Truvelo .50 sniper rifle (South Africa)

Truvelo .50BMG caliber rifle - single shot version

Truvelo .50BMG caliber rifle - 5 shots magazine fed version
Caliber(s): 12.7x99 mm - .50 BMG
Operation: bolt action, manually operated
Barrel: 950 mm
Weight: 16 kg
Length: 1510 mm
Feed Mechanism: single shot or 5 rounds detachable box magazine

Mechem NTW-20 (South Africa)

AMSD OM 50 Nemesis sniper rifle (Switzerland)

OM 50 Nemesis rifle, prototype
image: AMSD, Switzerland

OM 50 Nemesis Mk III rifle (production version) with replacement barrels and silencer (shown next to the rifle)
image: AMSD, Switzerland

M500, M600 and AMAC-5100, M650 .50 caliber sniper rifles (USA)

RAI model 500, one of the earliest specially designed .50 caliber sniper / anti-materiel rifles

Iver Johnson AMAC-1500

RAMO M600 rifle

RAMO M650 rifle. Note the large magazine housing under the lengthened receiver

Barrett "Light Fifty" M82A1 M82A2 M82A3 (USA)

This probably is the image of the M82 - the earliest Barrett .50 caliber rifle

M82A1 rifle, early version

M82A1 rifle, current version

M82A1 rifle displayed next to M16A2 rifle for size comparison

Barrett M82A2 "bullpup" rifle

M82A3 rifle, also known as M82A1M, latest version developed for US Army. Note the long Picatinny rail on the top of the receiver
Caliber: .50 BMG (12.7 x 99mm)
Operation: Short Recoil, Semi-Automatic
Overall Length: 1448 mm
Barrel Length: 737 mm
Feed Device: 10 Round Detachable Box Magazine
Sights: 10X Telescopic
Weight: 12.9 kg empty
Muzzle Velocity: 854 m/s (M33 Ball)
Max Effective Range: 1800 meters
Expected accuracy: 1.5 - 2.0 MOA or better

Barrett Model M90 and M95 (USA)

Barrett M90 rifle

Barrett M95 rifle

Barrett M95, another view
Caliber: .50 BMG (12.7 x 99mm)
Operation: Bolt Action
Overall Length: 1143 mm
Barrel Length: 737 mm
Feed Device: 5 Round Detachable Box Magazine
Sights: 10X Telescopic
Weight: 9.98 kg empty, without scopeĐT
Muzzle Velocity: 854 m/s (M33 Ball)
Expected accuracy: about 1 MOA or better with match grade ammunition
Maximum Effective Range: about 1800 meters (depending on the environment con***ions and the target)