Các thông tin liên quan về Trường cũng như về Thuỷ Lợi - Vào đây mà download các giáo trình và sách

Hseu nói quá chậm, chân lí hai phần vừa mới trả tài liệu cho thầy tuần trước. Thực ra rất khó trả lời câu hỏi của hseu vi cửa xả chụp để nhìn rõ kiến trúc nên chụp vào khi đóng cả hai cửa xả. Chỉ biết một điều duy nhất là nếu đã mở cửa xả thỉ phải mở cả hai. và ở dưới xuôi đúng là có một đập để tiêu năng cách đó không xa. Phán đoán thế này: hai dòng nuớc gặp nhau trên không. dòng nước không rơi đứng nữa mà sẽ bị phân tán thành mưa bụi dài hàng trăm mét (Cái này vui à nha) . Tuy nhiên trong một ảnh khác thì lại thấy rõ ràng là có một xoáy nước ở gần chân đập. không thấy có luồng bọt nước nào cả. Thực ra nếu nói lũ ở các nước có vĩ độ cao không đạt được như ở các nước có vĩ độ thấp cũng có lí của nó vì lượng nhiệt mặt trời cung cấp ít, hơi nước bốc hơi chậm, kéo theo mây ít và mưa cũng ít. Nhưng nguợc lại, các nước nhiệt đới có rừng rậm để ngăn lũ. trong khi đó các nước ôn đới khá đau đầu với việc nước sông dâng lên khi băng tan hằng năm. Bài toán va đập của những khối băng lớn với các đập thuỷ điện ở thượng nguồn cũng là một dấu hỏi to bự. Ở chỗ chân lí hai phần là hạ lưu nhưng cũng có 4 đập thuỷ điện. Về mùa đông các dòng sông đều trở thành đại lộ cho người đi giày trượt. Lúc này dĩ nhiên không thể xả tràn được rồi.
Thêm một lí do để người ta không khoái xả sâu và xả đáy vì chiều dài dài hơn nên lượng bê tông cũng cần cao hơn. Chưa tính đến việc chạy xuyên lòng núi. Ở đây có một số công trình thuỷ lợi rất lạ. Có hai công trình cùng xây vào những năm 60. Thiết kế đầy đủ xả tràn và xả đáy. Thế nhưng một cái không một lần đóng cửa xả đáy(thiết kế cái cửa làm gì nhỉ?) và chưa một lần mở cửa xả tràn( vui đây). Một cái chưa một lần mở cửa xả đáy ra (thiết kế làm gì nhỉ?). Lạ ở chỗ là cái chưa một lần mở ra vẫn hoạt động tốt và chưa bị đầm lầy hoá đáng kể.(cái này chân lí hai phần không tin, bao giờ thấy tận mắt mới tin)
Dù gì thì tuần sau cũng trả за?', môn này rồi. Cầu chúa ban phước lành cho con. Con sợ môn này và môn sử Nga kinh khủng khiếp.
Tìm được cái này trong một trang web của canada cho mọi người cùng đọc nhưng mà nói chung là bản thân Chân lí hai phần cũng không hiểu lắm (tiếng Anh giờ không học nữa nên xuống dốc tệ kinh khủng khiếp). Chỉ là số liệu cũ
Statistical Data
Electricity Services (Unit: million kWh)
1997 1998 1999
Import Production 0 0 0
Local Production 1,898 21,498 N/A
Export Production 2 2 N/A
Total Market
1,900 21,500 24,800
25,300
Import Production
from U.S. N/A N/A N/A
Exchange Rates 11,950 13,950 N/A
(VND/US$)
Estimated Future Inflation Rate: 8-10 percent.
1997 Import Market Share: 0
From now until 2000, EVN plans to build and commence operations
on seven foreign BOT thermal power plants which include the 120MW
Wartsila, the 720MW Phu My 3, the 300MW Quang Ninh, the 720MW
Phu My 2.2, the 50MW Ormat, the 72MW Can Don and the 475MW Soc
Trang. The only independent power plant is the 675MW, US$270
million Hiep Phuoc power plant which was originally designed as
part of the turn-key Tan Thuan Industrial processing zone in Ho
Chi Minh City.
Financial shortages, however, have prevented most of these
projects from being realized. MoI statistics show that for the
period 1996-2000, the needed investment capital will amount to
US$1 to US$1.2 billion annually, (a two hundred percent increase
over the past few years annual average of US$400 million). This
excludes the estimated US$3.8 billion needed to bring electricity
to rural areas and the US$1.2 billion EVN needs to service its
debts. The linchpin to EVNs power sector revitalization program
has involved borrowing US$1.9 billion at a soft rate of 6.9
percent from numerous financial organizations, including the
World Bank.
In order to satisfy Vietnams growing power demands, the MPI is
said to be creating more favorable con***ions for investment into
the energy sector. To date, only thermal Build-Operate-Transfer
(BOT) power projects have been encouraged. Hydro projects on
the other hand, have tra***ionally not been encouraged due to the
states lack of real experience with private investment in
large-scale green field hydro projects. This attitude is
undergoing a transformation with hydro projects now being called
for in unison with EVNs national master plan.
Best Investment Prospects
Vietnams current overall maximum electricity generation capacity
stands at around 4,700 megawatts, but only if every unit works at
optimum performance. On average, annual per capita energy
consumption stands at less than 250 kilowatt hours which compares
poorly with Malaysias 1996 figure of 1,135 kWh per capita;
Taiwans 1993 annual figure of 4,600kWh per capita; or even Hong
Kong''''s 1990 figure of 4,253 kWh per capita.
In keeping pace with industrial and private demand, the MoI
estimates an extra 100 to 200 million kWh of electricity will be
needed.
Of 1997''''s total power capacity of 4700MW, 1890MW was produced by
thermal-power plants (645MW coal-fired plants, 198MW oil-fired
plants, 688MWg as turbine plants and 360MW diesel power plants).
The majority 2810 MW was produced by hydro-electric power plants.
Approximately 64 percent of Vietnam''''s power needs are supplied by
seven hydro-electric power projects of various sizes and
dominated but the massive 1,920MW Hoa Binh power project. The
second largest hydro plant at Tri An in the southern province of
Dong Nai produces but a quarter of this at 420MW. Further hydro
projects are being called for as the state is now seeking out
international companies to help it map out the national
hydro-electric network. A US$4m project to be put on bid is
currently being sponsored by the governments of Norway and
Switzerland with non-refundable grants. Sources from the MoI have
conferred that the planning work will focus on the country''''s five
main rivers, mostly in the northern reaches of the Red River
complex and will take into account all the relevant issues
such as population evacuation and the sustaining of ecological
balance. Thermal power generation, is rightfully seen as easier
to and less costly to develop.
Thermal power plants currently account for 36 percent of
Vietnam''''s generating capacity. Roughly half of this comes from
three coal burning plants in the north which include the 440MW
Pha Lai, the 110MW Ninh Binh plant, and the 105MW Uong Bi plant.
The northern plants are all of Soviet and Chinese origin and are
performing at less than 50 percent of their designed capacity.
The rest of Vietnam''''s thermal capacity is divided between fuel
oil and natural gas burning plants, located in the southern
region, including the 33MW Tra Noc plant, the 185MW Ba Ria plant
and the 165MW Thu Duc plant.
Facing the need to meet soaring demand for power, EVN is
pursing a dramatic expansion of Vietnam''''s thermal power
generating capacity. Seven new thermal plants are to be
constructed by the year 2000 (see references), whereas only three
new hydro-electric power plants on the drawing board. EVN plans
to have thermal power account for 60 percent of all power
generation by the year 2000, a dramatic increase from its current
36 percent. This shift away from hydro-electric to thermal power
is primarily based on economy and timing. EVN is predicting a
power shortfall of 250MW for 1999 and so to plug the current gap
between capacity and impending demand, the development of smaller
scale thermal power plants are being encouraged. Because the
average thermal plant only takes three to five years to bring on
line as opposed to the seven to ten years of a hydro electric
plant with supporting dam, expediency in meeting the impending
shortfall has been deemed more significant than longer term
greater capacity production. Thermal power also requires less
initial investment as compared to hydro-electric power (the
generation of one kilowatt of hydro-electric power requires 50
percent more initial capital investment).
Vietnam also needs to reduce its dependency on the massive
Hoa Binh plant, to avoid a recurrence of the situation of 1997
summer when a light rainfall greatly reduced the plant''''s
generating capacity, forcing EVN to transfer some four million
kW a day from the south to the north via the 500kV line.
1. Hydro-electric power
Hydro-electric power plants currently in operation in Vietnam:
The northern region''''s 1920MW Hoa Binh and 108MW Thac Ba plants;
the central region
quote s 66MW Vinh Son plant; and the southern
region''''s 400MW Tri An, 160MW Da Nhim and 150MW Thac Mo plants.
Others being constructed or in governmental planning stages
include:
Huoi Quang plant in the northern region; the 85MW Buonkuop,
260MW T.KonTum, 120MW Play Krong, 350MW Ban Mai, 250MW Dai Thi
and 150MW A Vuong plants in the central region; and in the
southern region the 70MW Can Don, 300MW Dai Ninh, 140MW Dong Nai
8 plants.
Other projects include:
Ham Thuan-Da Mi in which construction began in February 1997
for the US$650 million two-dams project on the La Nga river in
the southern province of Binh Thuan. Funded by the Japanese, the
project is a joint venture between Japan''''s Maeda-Tomen, Korea''''s
Ssangyong and Vietnam''''s Construction Company No.46. Once
completed by the end of 2000, the two plants will have a combined
annual output of some 1.6 billion kWh. The Ham Thuan plant will
have two 300 MW turbines while the Da Mi plant will run two
smaller 175MW turbines.
The 720 MW Yaly hydro-power plant, located along the Srepok
river basin in the central region, will begin supplying
electricity by early 1999.
The Government recently urged the MoI to complete the
feasibility study for the US$230 million, 259MW Se San 3 hy
dro-electric project for appraisal and approval sending an
official letter authorising the EVN to commence development. The
other 366MW Se San 4 project has also been proposed for future
consideration. Poor financial estimates have plagued the 70MW
Song Hi nh hydro plant and have ultimately ground construction to
a halt due to escalating capital requirements. Back in 1984, the
original project costs were estimated at US$12 million by
electricity authorities. By 1991, the figure had shot up
significantly to US$37 million and then to US$101 million by
July, 1996. By the first quarter of 1998, only US$42.3 million
has been contributed to the project. Management of the plant
obtained a US$10.7 million loan in June of 1998, but capital has
not yet been disbursed with construction developers meanwhile
sending workers and equipment to other projects instead. Other
large ticket projects either in or beyond the feasibility phase
include:
Son La. The Moscow-based Design, Survey, Research and
Production Shareholding Company, who previously experience
involved completing the Hoa Binh hydro-power plant, has been
chosen to carry out the feasibility study for the country''''s
largest ever 3600 MW hydro-power project in Son La province.
The total cost for this joint cooperation study between Russian
and Vietnamese power experts has been set at US$675,000. The
feasibility study is expected to be finished by the end of this
year with construction on the Son La plant scheduled to start in
late 1999. Electricity is projected to come on line some time in
2010. However, the Government has not said where it will find the
estimated US$5.7 billion needed for the construction of Son La
hydro-power plant. Ad***ionally, if construction does go ahead,
some 80,000 people, mostly ethnic minorities, will have to be
relocated.
In October 1998, the MoI also announced a plan to develop a
two-phase hydro-power plant in Dong Nai province. The 237MW Dong
Nai 3 and 247MW Dong Nai 4 plants will be built between 2000 and
2005. Total investment for the two facilities is estimated at
US$580m. Funding will be provided by Japan''''s Overseas Economic
Co-operation Fund.
The OECF signed a memorandum of understanding with local
authorities to map out a plan to build a US$400m hydro-electric
plant in the southern province of Phan Thiet. The Fund will lend
61.7b yen for the development, while the World Bank and the
governments of France and Canada will finance the consulting and
design work. Construction for the 300MW facility is expected to
begin next year with power generation commencing in 2004.
In the short term, EVN hopes to cover its generation short-fall
with the recent completion of the first 300MW stage of the Phu My
II power plant in Ba Ria-Vung Tau. It''''s also considering the
purchase of power from the privately-operated Hiep Phuoc plant,
in Ho Chi Minh City, constructed and funded by Taiwan''''s Central
Trading & Development (CT&D) group, which recently completed its
first 125 MW phase. Hiep Phuoc, which will eventually generate
675MW, was designed with the primary objective of supplying power
to the CT&D''''s Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone.
EVN''''s longer-term strategy is based on a significant increase in
the amount of thermal power generated by gas-fired plants in the
south, particularly in the Phu My area, supplied from offshore
gas reserves.
In 1996, only 300 million cubic meters of gas were used in
power generation. EVN hopes that the Phu My stations will
eventually have a capacity of 4,000MW, burning over seven billion
cubic meters of natural gas annually. But that in turn depends
upon the completion of two projects. In the short term, the Phu
My site is to be supplied by an onshore pipeline running from the
existing Ba Ria-Vung Tau power plant, which is supplied with
associated gas from the Bach Ho field. This will then be
augmented by a US$330m pipeline to bring gas ashore from the Nam
Con Son basin development with a projected capacity of five
billion cubic meters per annum.
With substantial supplies of offshore natural gas becoming
available, in ad***ion to Vietnam''''s adequate coal reserves,
thermal power generation is an attractive alternative to
hydro-electric power. EVN is planning an expansion in its
coal-burning capacity in the north of the country, but to a much
lesser extent. These plans include an expansion of the Uong Bi
plant and a second plant at Pha Lai. At the same time, EVN has
begun a programme aimed at reducing the emission of pollutants
from these plants. A US$7m filter system was recently installed
at Pha Lai, and EVN has called for bids for filter systems at
Uong Bi and Ninh Binh plants. The entire programme however will
be dependent on foreign development assistance(ODA).
2. Gas turbine power.
Compared to neighboring countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia,
Thailand, China and the Philippines, Vietnam''''s potential oil and
gas fields score an average mark in terms of mineral quality,
abundance, and exploitation access. According to a number of
international oil firms currently operating in Vietnam, the
country''''s oil reserve is predicted to be at 580 million tons
crude, while gas potential is in the region of 1,200 billion
cubic meters.
Oil and gas requirements are also on the rise. From now to the
end of the century, national fuel needs will increase between 12
and 13 percent but, as forecasted by the MoI, will drop to
between 9 and 11 percent by the years 2001 to 2010. By the year
2000, the country will need at least 10 million metric tons of
oil and gas products per year, and is expected to rise to as much
as 28 million tons per year by 2010. Regarding natural gas, the
MoI predicts an estimated 4 to 5 billion cubic meters will be
needed annually to 2000, and between 8 and 10 billion cubic
meters for each year up to 2010.
Located some 80 km southeast of Ho Chi Minh City, Phu My is the
biggest gas turbine complex in Vietnam now. This power complex
includes the 1,100MW Phu My 1, the 450MW Phu My 2.1, the BOT
600MW- 900MW Phu My 2.2, the BOT 680MW Phu My 3 and the 9 50MW
Phu My 4.
The contract to set up the 1,100MW Phu My I was signed on 14
September 1998 between EVN and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the
main contractor. Phu My I project construction will include three
gas turbines, one steam turbine, a quay, a cooling canal, an
electricity transmission line, and a 220KV/110KV converter
station. The project is valued at US$37 million and will begin
operating after 27 months of construction.
The first construction phase of the Phu My 2, which was to
build two turbines with a total capacity of nearly 300MW, was
completed on time in early 1997. Though the gas-powered plant was
designed to burn diesel oil in preliminary phases, its
fundamental design involves burning natural gas. The gas pipeline
designed specifically for this purpose was completed back in
December 1996, but has yet to be connected for technical reasons.
When the gas is finally connected, Phu My 2 will use gas
exploited from the Bach Ho oilfield. The investment capital of
US$101.2 million for phase one of Phu My 2 was provided by a
World Bank loan while the second phase of construction saw
another 300MW station built on a BOT basis and completed in early
1998. The main contractor for Phu My 2 is the ABB Marubeni Group.
With the sub-contractors being Campenon Saigon Builder and
Construction and Machine Building Company No 45-1 in conjunction
with some other local construction companies.
Siemens of Germany and Mitsui of Japan have won a US$76
million contract for the expansion of the Phu My 2.1. The plant
will be equipped with two gas turbines with a total capacity of
300MW and is expected to be handed over for EVN management in
early 1999. The MPI has submitted a pre-feasibility study for a
thermo-electric plant in Soc Trang province and is awaiting the
Government''''s approval. The pre-feasibility study states that an
investment of US$270 million will be required to build this 470MW
plant and so far Enron Corp. of the USA has been the only foreign
investor to show interest in the project. Enron Corp. has stated
that the combined gas turbine technology fired by HFO, the fuel
used when gas is unavailable, would help reduce costs resulting
in a low selling price of 5.04 cents per kWh. After four years
of operation, oil will be replaced by gas and the price might
become cheaper. The license has yet to be issued though, making
its original completion date unlikely. Current administrative and
licensing formalities will most likely cause further impediment.
Other large thermal power plants being proposed include another
northern based plant with the capacity of 1500MW as well as the
1200MW O Mon and 1200 Nhon Trach plants in the Mekong Delta.

Chân lí hai phần

Được chanlihaiphan sửa chữa / chuyển vào 23:13 ngày 08/12/2003

3. Coal-fired and diesel-fired power.
According to State-issued figures, the country
quote s
current total coal reserve stands at 3.5 billion tons, most of
which has been found in the northern province of Quang Ninh. In
ad***ion to this, survey explorations around the country estimate
an ad***ional 5 to 7 billion tons of muddy coal available and an
estimated 300 billion tons of brown coal lying some 1,000 meters
below the surface of the Red River Delta region.
As impressive as these numbers may seem, the 3.5 billion tons of
coal at Quang Ninh is, by world standards, a low figure and due
to the complicated geological features in the are a; large-scale
mining of the reserve is all butimpossible. The MoI also
predicts that by the year 2000 the country''s need for coal will
have increased by as much as 20 percent, with the volume of
domestically-produced coal standing at 11,14 and 16 million tons
by the years 2000, 2005 and 2010 respectively.
Details of Vietnam''s coal-fired energy complex are as follows...
With the old coal-fired 100MW Ninh Binh, 105 MW Uong Bi and
440MW Pha Lai plants in the northern region, along with the 165MW
Thu Duc, and 33MW Tra Noc plants in the southern region, EVN is
faced with the danger of pollution caused by outmoded technology.
On 8 June 1998, a power generation consortium led by Japan''s
Sumitomo Corp. that included the US engineering firm Stone and
Webster, Britain''s Mitsui Bab**** Energy (an affiliate of Mitsui
Engineering and Shipbuilding Co.), and Hyundai Engineering and
Construction Co. of South Korea, started on the construction of
the Pha Lai power plant 45kms northeast of Hanoi, the biggest
coal-fired plant yet in Vietnam. The US$545 million power plant
will have two 300MW reactors for the Pha Lai II run by EVN in Pha
Lai. The project calls for Sumitomo to procure the main materials
and equipment, and for Stone and Webster to conduct the
engineering, start-up management and commissioning. Ad***ionally,
Bab**** Energy will provide the boiler technology for efficient
combustion of low-quality coal supplied by Cam Phu, Hong Gai, Mao
Khe, Trach Bach and Vang Danh coal mines, while Hyundai will
undertake the civil engineering and installation work of the
project. General Electric Co. of the US will provide turbines to
the plant. The first reactor unit will become operational in
January 2002 and the second unit in June 2002 when it is
estimated that it will generate 3.68 billion kWh per year. A
US$550 million thermal power plant will be constructed in the
west of the Mekong Delta, a region which has been plagued by
power shortages, after gaining approval early June 1998 from the
State Evaluation Council. The project is likely to receive ODA
from the Japanese Government and is scheduled to be put into
operation before 2005. The MPI has said the plant would be
located in Phuoc Thoi commune of Can Tho province.
Oxbow International Power Corporation was issued a license to
develop the US$360 million, 300MW coal-fired power plant in
Quang Ninh province by the MPI in September, 1996. Oxbow is in
the process of finalizing the BOT deal, as well as agreements
with EVN, Vietnam Coal Corporation (Vinacoal) and the People''s
Committee of Quang Ninh. US Exim Bank and the Overseas Private
Investment Corporation have been named as likely financial
sources. However, the starting construction date of June 1997,
has been postponed indefinitely as the project has become mired
in negotiation deadlocks over the cost of coal supplies to fuel
the plant, and the retail price for electricity offered.
According to MoI, Oxbow could not accept the price offered for
power generated at its proposed plant by EVN if it was forced to
pay for coal at Vinacoal prices of US$18.5 per ton in the first
year, escalating to US$24 per ton there after. Vinacoal has said
that it might consider reducing its initial price *****pport the
endeavor but can not go under US$23 per ton during the length of
the project. While EVN said that the corporation could not buy
electricity sold by Oxbow at more than 5 cents per kWh because
that would be far above EVN
quote s selling price. Oxbow
quote
s feasibility model projects wholesale prices to EVN at 5.8 to 6
cents per kWh.
In 1997, the US-based company Beacon Hill Associates announced
plans to construct a new thermo power plant located near the Dung
Quat industrial zone in central Vietnam. The proposed plant would
have a capacity of 50-70MW. Century Development, an Australian
consultant company, will also assist in the plant''s development.
The three partners are discussing relevant matters such as
electricity rates, duration of operation, and other details of
the BOT scheme.
A recent Vinacoal memorandum of understanding (MOU) for
South Korean companies to study use of coal in a number of
thermo-electricity plants does not guarantee their eventual
involvement in actual construction of the project. According to a
Vinacoal official, the agreement signed in 1996 naming of
Ssangyong Corp. and Korea Heavy Industries Ltd. in the US$400
million Thai Nguyen plant is not yet 100 percent binding on the
construction side.
A pre-feasibility study for another one of Vinacoal''s
coal-fired power plants, the proposed US$150 million plant in Na
Duong, Lang Son province, has been approved by the Government
already. The plant will be built in a BOT form by US-based
American International Partners. At the same time, another new
coal-fired 100MW power stations in Thai Nguyen province at a cost
of US$124 million has also been proposed. Coal for the Lang Son
province plant would be taken from Na Duong mine, while the Khanh
Hoa and Nui Ngan mines will provide the total energy inputs for
the Thai Nguyen station.
Hiep Phuoc, the only 100 percent foreign-owned Build-Operate-Own
(BOO) power station in Vietnam, began operations with its first
125MW generator in February. The second and third of its 125MW
generators are now being put through final tests and could help
the southern region to reduce its reliance on hydro-power. CT&D
was somewhat fortunate to get such unique approval in creating
this first 100 percent foreign-owned BOO plant. Its commitment to
the massive development of the Saigon South urban extension of Ho
Chi Minh City and the Saigon Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone,
(both of which would eventually rely on Hiep Phuoc for all their
power), greatly helped CT&D obtain permission. But while the
developer has asked for a power price of 5.995 cents per kWh,
(not including import tax for diesel and turnover tax)
EVN has issued its buying price of 5 cents per kWh, insisting
that anything higher would result in annual losses of up to US$20
million. Meanwhile, the Taiwanese firm has said that it will not
be able to recoup its investments if it has *****pply
electricity at such a low price. The Government is now resolving
the dispute.
The construction of Vietnam
quote s first licensed BOT
diesel-fired power plant by the Finish Wartsila NSD Corporation,
a 120MW engine power plant with an investment capital of US$120
million has stalled due to the lack of access to foreign
exchange, lack of security for lenders investments and poor
risk-sharing con***ions. The International Finance Corporation
has approved a US$28.5 million investment in this plant with the
financing package comprised of a 10 year US$24.5 million loan and
around US44 million in equity.
A non-refundable aid package valued at US$322,000 was granted to
Vietnam by the Irish Government in 1997, according to the MPI.
The Irish Government has given authority to the Electricity
Supply Board International Corporation of Ireland to cooperate
with a Vietnamese partner to carry out the electricity
implementation project in Huyen Hoi commune, Tra Vinh province.
4. Geothermal power.
Approximately 200 founts of hot water stream concentrated in
the Central Highlands, south Central coast and mountains from
Quang Binh to Khanh Hoa have been surveyed. With an average
temperature from 40oC to 150oC, they are considered hot enough to
exploit geothermal power. However, the lack of specific studies
to evaluate the exploitable energy capacity is the main hindrance
for foreign investment. To date only one feasibility study of a
50MW plant in Quang Ngai province has been commissioned by the
American firm ORMAT.
5. Nuclear Power.
Prime Minister Phan Van Khai has suggested a study be conducted
to examine the possibility of building a nuclear power plant in
Vietnam. If Vietnam''s gas sources prove consistent, sustainable,
and of course cost-effective, and if power from Laos can be
obtained; Vietnam will carry on with the Son La hydroelectric
power plant project followed by a possible nuclear plant in 2010.
The MoI has already started talking to foreign companies about a
nuclear power plant. In May 1998, a delegation from the Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) visited the country and
presented a preliminary feasibility study for a nuclear power
plant in Vietnam to MoI. This is not the first such study as
groups from France and South Korea have already submitted similar
proposals. The MoI in November 1998 signed an MOU with Canadian
and South Korean partners to develop Vietnam''s first nuclear
power plant. According to the MOU, the Canadian Atomic Energy
Company and Daewoo Corp. will be working with local partners to
complete a pre-feasibility study in one year at an estimated cost
of US$1 million. Vietnam had previously held talks with JICA to
build a 820MW nuclear power plant in the southern province of
Binh Dinh with an investment of US$1.6 billion. Such a high value
investment, however, will no doubt have to use financing a scheme
supported by the export cre*** from the Export Import Bank of
Japan. In principle, that means 60 percent of the loan would come
from the ExImBank of Japan contingent upon 85 percent of the
equipment, construction and services for the project are also
contracted from Japanese firms. The loan would be made in
Japanese yen and would mature after a maximum period of 15 years.
Pro-nuclear officials defend the high cost of the investment in
nuclear technology, saying that while the initial costs are
admittedly formidable, they are offset by the low costs of the
day-to-day operations although a 1,000MW plant requires 18 tons
of uranium annually. However, the ever present risk of
radioactive contamination is a common fear. Vietnam''s
relationship with Russia at the time of the Chernobyl disaster
was such that the people of Vietnam are well aware of how badly
nuclear projects can be managed, lending this kind of project to
certain scrutiny by the National Assembly.
The MoI has not officially responded to the JICA report but
the Vietnam Atomic Energy Center has commented that Vietnam can
build a nuclear plant that is both economical and non-threatening
to the environment. The four requirements for such a nuclear
plant to be successful include: 1) proximity to the national
500kV line; and 4) within reach of large key consumer areas.
Several sites between Phan Rang and Vung Tau have to date best
qualified.
Nonetheless, a huge psychological barrier needs to be overcome to
implement any kind of nuclear program. Moreover, making the
decision to build a nuclear power plant won''t begin to address
Vietnam''s current power deficit for another decade at least.
5. Solar, wind and other alternative energy forms
Vietnam has the potential to tap other kinds of renewable
energy resources. Should supplies of coal and oil run low, it
can always look to its climate with its plentiful of sunshine and
coastal winds as well as its numerous mountainous rivers and
streams as substitute energy source.
Solar energy will play an important role in the development
of power networks for rural areas. Until recently, little effort
has been expended to determine the potential benefits of solar
power. With long life expectancy, easy installation and
application, there has been an increasing number of solar power
systems - called photo-voltaic systems or PVs- installed
throughout the south. The mainstay of this is including a series
of solar power supplying stations with capacity of 1,500Wp in the
centers of some villages, communities in the coastal, and
mountainous and island areas. A good example of this is Cu Chi
solar village just outside of Ho Chi Minh City replete with an
operating the ater in the hospital lit with solar lamps installed
by the Ho Chi Minh City Physics Center. Some 15 solar energy
power stations with a capacity of 300-1,500 Watts provide the
generation. As of June 1992 the total capacity of Cu Chi solar
village reached 2,000Wp-a Wp being the maximum number of watts
absorbed by a solarunit at midday on a sunny day. Close by at the
Vinh An Primary school, children study by light generated from
the sun''s rays. In ad***ion, the Telecom-Post office has
installed solar-energy systems with capacities of 500Wp to
3,000Wp at eight remote micro-wave stations linking phone calls
between Ho Chi Minh City and Da Nang. In 1994 and 1995, the Power
Telecommunications Company under EVN installed 11 PV systems,
each of 12,000Wp, *****pply electricity to the telecommunications
stations. But while photo-electric cells have been developed in
Vietnam, solar energy panels must be imported. Washington
DC-based Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF) in 1995 completed a
pilot programme bringing power to some of the most remote reaches
of the country. SELF''s program involves the training of 14
technicians as how to install and operate the units. SELF has
installed 100 "Unikit" household solar lighting systems that have
benefited and with over 2,000 people from the pilot project,
including some 600 villagers in the Mekong delta towns in Tien
Giang and Tra Vinh provinces. The project was supported by the
Rockefeller Brothers Fund and Sandia National Laboratories in
association with the Vietnam Women''s Union which helped families
pay for their US$300 solar home systems.
In the north, solar energy has been used for water heaters
for households, hospitals, kindergartens and to desalinate sea
water into drinking water. PV systems, however, are completely
dependent on the amount of available solarization, which is
considerably different from north to south and from season to
season. For families relying on this system, this can mean the
difference between having available electric light all evening
and night in the summer while only for a few hours in the winter.
This has proven to be one of the setbacks in the SELF scheme.
Economy in cost is perhaps the major reason this solar
scheme seems to be faltering. A current PV system costs around
US$10 to US$12 per 1Wp unit. Government and donor agencies are
putting in systems that cost around US$2,500 and at the moment
the funding for these projects are fairly limited. And without
donor funding, the economics are impractical for rural
Vietnamese. A family would need to install a 50Wp system to
absorb enough power to light two 100 watts lamps and a small
black and white TV for four hours. This would set them back
around US$600 which when considering the rural GDP per capita is
still less than US$300, the system becomes unaffordable. Because
the absorption panels cannot be produced in Vietnam, the
importation of these components further raise the costs to the
consumer.
An ambitious plan, however, recently announced by the
Vietnamese Women
quote s Union (WU) aims to provide 12,000
families with solar powered lighting by 2000. Communes in Can
Tho, Tra Vinh and Binh Phuoc provinces will be the first to
receive solar installations. A loan agreement has been reached in
December of 1998 between the WU, the Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development, and Solar Electric Light Vietnam(SELCO).
Under the agreement, families will pay 10 percent of the system
costs after signing a power supply contract, and another 15
percent in a second installment after 6 months, while the
remaining 75 perce nt will be paid during a four year term at an
incredibly low (and subsidized) annual interest rate of 1.25
percent.
Installed at an average height of 10m, wind turbines have
already been installed for recharging household batteries in
coastal areas of Quang Ninh and Hai Phong and in the central and
southern regions. Wind energy potential in some of the most
notable are as have been measured at...
a) Islands: 860-1410kWh/m2 per year
b) Coastal areas (from Ky Anh, Cua Tung, Binh Dinh, Tuy Hoa, and
from Cam Ranh, Vung Tau): 800-1000kWh/m2 per year.
c) Other select coastal areas and central highlands:
500-800kWh/m2 per year.
d) Inland areas: 500kWh/m}{f6super 2}{f6 per year.
However, wind speed even in these areas only averages 3m/s and
in-depth research into the long-term economic benefits of using
wind energy as a more sustainable form of power has yet to be
conducted.

Chân lí hai phần

3. Coal-fired and diesel-fired power.
According to State-issued figures, the country
quote s
current total coal reserve stands at 3.5 billion tons, most of
which has been found in the northern province of Quang Ninh. In
ad***ion to this, survey explorations around the country estimate
an ad***ional 5 to 7 billion tons of muddy coal available and an
estimated 300 billion tons of brown coal lying some 1,000 meters
below the surface of the Red River Delta region.
As impressive as these numbers may seem, the 3.5 billion tons of
coal at Quang Ninh is, by world standards, a low figure and due
to the complicated geological features in the are a; large-scale
mining of the reserve is all butimpossible. The MoI also
predicts that by the year 2000 the country''s need for coal will
have increased by as much as 20 percent, with the volume of
domestically-produced coal standing at 11,14 and 16 million tons
by the years 2000, 2005 and 2010 respectively.
Details of Vietnam''s coal-fired energy complex are as follows...
With the old coal-fired 100MW Ninh Binh, 105 MW Uong Bi and
440MW Pha Lai plants in the northern region, along with the 165MW
Thu Duc, and 33MW Tra Noc plants in the southern region, EVN is
faced with the danger of pollution caused by outmoded technology.
On 8 June 1998, a power generation consortium led by Japan''s
Sumitomo Corp. that included the US engineering firm Stone and
Webster, Britain''s Mitsui Bab**** Energy (an affiliate of Mitsui
Engineering and Shipbuilding Co.), and Hyundai Engineering and
Construction Co. of South Korea, started on the construction of
the Pha Lai power plant 45kms northeast of Hanoi, the biggest
coal-fired plant yet in Vietnam. The US$545 million power plant
will have two 300MW reactors for the Pha Lai II run by EVN in Pha
Lai. The project calls for Sumitomo to procure the main materials
and equipment, and for Stone and Webster to conduct the
engineering, start-up management and commissioning. Ad***ionally,
Bab**** Energy will provide the boiler technology for efficient
combustion of low-quality coal supplied by Cam Phu, Hong Gai, Mao
Khe, Trach Bach and Vang Danh coal mines, while Hyundai will
undertake the civil engineering and installation work of the
project. General Electric Co. of the US will provide turbines to
the plant. The first reactor unit will become operational in
January 2002 and the second unit in June 2002 when it is
estimated that it will generate 3.68 billion kWh per year. A
US$550 million thermal power plant will be constructed in the
west of the Mekong Delta, a region which has been plagued by
power shortages, after gaining approval early June 1998 from the
State Evaluation Council. The project is likely to receive ODA
from the Japanese Government and is scheduled to be put into
operation before 2005. The MPI has said the plant would be
located in Phuoc Thoi commune of Can Tho province.
Oxbow International Power Corporation was issued a license to
develop the US$360 million, 300MW coal-fired power plant in
Quang Ninh province by the MPI in September, 1996. Oxbow is in
the process of finalizing the BOT deal, as well as agreements
with EVN, Vietnam Coal Corporation (Vinacoal) and the People''s
Committee of Quang Ninh. US Exim Bank and the Overseas Private
Investment Corporation have been named as likely financial
sources. However, the starting construction date of June 1997,
has been postponed indefinitely as the project has become mired
in negotiation deadlocks over the cost of coal supplies to fuel
the plant, and the retail price for electricity offered.
According to MoI, Oxbow could not accept the price offered for
power generated at its proposed plant by EVN if it was forced to
pay for coal at Vinacoal prices of US$18.5 per ton in the first
year, escalating to US$24 per ton there after. Vinacoal has said
that it might consider reducing its initial price *****pport the
endeavor but can not go under US$23 per ton during the length of
the project. While EVN said that the corporation could not buy
electricity sold by Oxbow at more than 5 cents per kWh because
that would be far above EVN
quote s selling price. Oxbow
quote
s feasibility model projects wholesale prices to EVN at 5.8 to 6
cents per kWh.
In 1997, the US-based company Beacon Hill Associates announced
plans to construct a new thermo power plant located near the Dung
Quat industrial zone in central Vietnam. The proposed plant would
have a capacity of 50-70MW. Century Development, an Australian
consultant company, will also assist in the plant''s development.
The three partners are discussing relevant matters such as
electricity rates, duration of operation, and other details of
the BOT scheme.
A recent Vinacoal memorandum of understanding (MOU) for
South Korean companies to study use of coal in a number of
thermo-electricity plants does not guarantee their eventual
involvement in actual construction of the project. According to a
Vinacoal official, the agreement signed in 1996 naming of
Ssangyong Corp. and Korea Heavy Industries Ltd. in the US$400
million Thai Nguyen plant is not yet 100 percent binding on the
construction side.
A pre-feasibility study for another one of Vinacoal''s
coal-fired power plants, the proposed US$150 million plant in Na
Duong, Lang Son province, has been approved by the Government
already. The plant will be built in a BOT form by US-based
American International Partners. At the same time, another new
coal-fired 100MW power stations in Thai Nguyen province at a cost
of US$124 million has also been proposed. Coal for the Lang Son
province plant would be taken from Na Duong mine, while the Khanh
Hoa and Nui Ngan mines will provide the total energy inputs for
the Thai Nguyen station.
Hiep Phuoc, the only 100 percent foreign-owned Build-Operate-Own
(BOO) power station in Vietnam, began operations with its first
125MW generator in February. The second and third of its 125MW
generators are now being put through final tests and could help
the southern region to reduce its reliance on hydro-power. CT&D
was somewhat fortunate to get such unique approval in creating
this first 100 percent foreign-owned BOO plant. Its commitment to
the massive development of the Saigon South urban extension of Ho
Chi Minh City and the Saigon Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone,
(both of which would eventually rely on Hiep Phuoc for all their
power), greatly helped CT&D obtain permission. But while the
developer has asked for a power price of 5.995 cents per kWh,
(not including import tax for diesel and turnover tax)
EVN has issued its buying price of 5 cents per kWh, insisting
that anything higher would result in annual losses of up to US$20
million. Meanwhile, the Taiwanese firm has said that it will not
be able to recoup its investments if it has *****pply
electricity at such a low price. The Government is now resolving
the dispute.
The construction of Vietnam
quote s first licensed BOT
diesel-fired power plant by the Finish Wartsila NSD Corporation,
a 120MW engine power plant with an investment capital of US$120
million has stalled due to the lack of access to foreign
exchange, lack of security for lenders investments and poor
risk-sharing con***ions. The International Finance Corporation
has approved a US$28.5 million investment in this plant with the
financing package comprised of a 10 year US$24.5 million loan and
around US44 million in equity.
A non-refundable aid package valued at US$322,000 was granted to
Vietnam by the Irish Government in 1997, according to the MPI.
The Irish Government has given authority to the Electricity
Supply Board International Corporation of Ireland to cooperate
with a Vietnamese partner to carry out the electricity
implementation project in Huyen Hoi commune, Tra Vinh province.
4. Geothermal power.
Approximately 200 founts of hot water stream concentrated in
the Central Highlands, south Central coast and mountains from
Quang Binh to Khanh Hoa have been surveyed. With an average
temperature from 40oC to 150oC, they are considered hot enough to
exploit geothermal power. However, the lack of specific studies
to evaluate the exploitable energy capacity is the main hindrance
for foreign investment. To date only one feasibility study of a
50MW plant in Quang Ngai province has been commissioned by the
American firm ORMAT.
5. Nuclear Power.
Prime Minister Phan Van Khai has suggested a study be conducted
to examine the possibility of building a nuclear power plant in
Vietnam. If Vietnam''s gas sources prove consistent, sustainable,
and of course cost-effective, and if power from Laos can be
obtained; Vietnam will carry on with the Son La hydroelectric
power plant project followed by a possible nuclear plant in 2010.
The MoI has already started talking to foreign companies about a
nuclear power plant. In May 1998, a delegation from the Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) visited the country and
presented a preliminary feasibility study for a nuclear power
plant in Vietnam to MoI. This is not the first such study as
groups from France and South Korea have already submitted similar
proposals. The MoI in November 1998 signed an MOU with Canadian
and South Korean partners to develop Vietnam''s first nuclear
power plant. According to the MOU, the Canadian Atomic Energy
Company and Daewoo Corp. will be working with local partners to
complete a pre-feasibility study in one year at an estimated cost
of US$1 million. Vietnam had previously held talks with JICA to
build a 820MW nuclear power plant in the southern province of
Binh Dinh with an investment of US$1.6 billion. Such a high value
investment, however, will no doubt have to use financing a scheme
supported by the export cre*** from the Export Import Bank of
Japan. In principle, that means 60 percent of the loan would come
from the ExImBank of Japan contingent upon 85 percent of the
equipment, construction and services for the project are also
contracted from Japanese firms. The loan would be made in
Japanese yen and would mature after a maximum period of 15 years.
Pro-nuclear officials defend the high cost of the investment in
nuclear technology, saying that while the initial costs are
admittedly formidable, they are offset by the low costs of the
day-to-day operations although a 1,000MW plant requires 18 tons
of uranium annually. However, the ever present risk of
radioactive contamination is a common fear. Vietnam''s
relationship with Russia at the time of the Chernobyl disaster
was such that the people of Vietnam are well aware of how badly
nuclear projects can be managed, lending this kind of project to
certain scrutiny by the National Assembly.
The MoI has not officially responded to the JICA report but
the Vietnam Atomic Energy Center has commented that Vietnam can
build a nuclear plant that is both economical and non-threatening
to the environment. The four requirements for such a nuclear
plant to be successful include: 1) proximity to the national
500kV line; and 4) within reach of large key consumer areas.
Several sites between Phan Rang and Vung Tau have to date best
qualified.
Nonetheless, a huge psychological barrier needs to be overcome to
implement any kind of nuclear program. Moreover, making the
decision to build a nuclear power plant won''t begin to address
Vietnam''s current power deficit for another decade at least.
5. Solar, wind and other alternative energy forms
Vietnam has the potential to tap other kinds of renewable
energy resources. Should supplies of coal and oil run low, it
can always look to its climate with its plentiful of sunshine and
coastal winds as well as its numerous mountainous rivers and
streams as substitute energy source.
Solar energy will play an important role in the development
of power networks for rural areas. Until recently, little effort
has been expended to determine the potential benefits of solar
power. With long life expectancy, easy installation and
application, there has been an increasing number of solar power
systems - called photo-voltaic systems or PVs- installed
throughout the south. The mainstay of this is including a series
of solar power supplying stations with capacity of 1,500Wp in the
centers of some villages, communities in the coastal, and
mountainous and island areas. A good example of this is Cu Chi
solar village just outside of Ho Chi Minh City replete with an
operating the ater in the hospital lit with solar lamps installed
by the Ho Chi Minh City Physics Center. Some 15 solar energy
power stations with a capacity of 300-1,500 Watts provide the
generation. As of June 1992 the total capacity of Cu Chi solar
village reached 2,000Wp-a Wp being the maximum number of watts
absorbed by a solarunit at midday on a sunny day. Close by at the
Vinh An Primary school, children study by light generated from
the sun''s rays. In ad***ion, the Telecom-Post office has
installed solar-energy systems with capacities of 500Wp to
3,000Wp at eight remote micro-wave stations linking phone calls
between Ho Chi Minh City and Da Nang. In 1994 and 1995, the Power
Telecommunications Company under EVN installed 11 PV systems,
each of 12,000Wp, *****pply electricity to the telecommunications
stations. But while photo-electric cells have been developed in
Vietnam, solar energy panels must be imported. Washington
DC-based Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF) in 1995 completed a
pilot programme bringing power to some of the most remote reaches
of the country. SELF''s program involves the training of 14
technicians as how to install and operate the units. SELF has
installed 100 "Unikit" household solar lighting systems that have
benefited and with over 2,000 people from the pilot project,
including some 600 villagers in the Mekong delta towns in Tien
Giang and Tra Vinh provinces. The project was supported by the
Rockefeller Brothers Fund and Sandia National Laboratories in
association with the Vietnam Women''s Union which helped families
pay for their US$300 solar home systems.
In the north, solar energy has been used for water heaters
for households, hospitals, kindergartens and to desalinate sea
water into drinking water. PV systems, however, are completely
dependent on the amount of available solarization, which is
considerably different from north to south and from season to
season. For families relying on this system, this can mean the
difference between having available electric light all evening
and night in the summer while only for a few hours in the winter.
This has proven to be one of the setbacks in the SELF scheme.
Economy in cost is perhaps the major reason this solar
scheme seems to be faltering. A current PV system costs around
US$10 to US$12 per 1Wp unit. Government and donor agencies are
putting in systems that cost around US$2,500 and at the moment
the funding for these projects are fairly limited. And without
donor funding, the economics are impractical for rural
Vietnamese. A family would need to install a 50Wp system to
absorb enough power to light two 100 watts lamps and a small
black and white TV for four hours. This would set them back
around US$600 which when considering the rural GDP per capita is
still less than US$300, the system becomes unaffordable. Because
the absorption panels cannot be produced in Vietnam, the
importation of these components further raise the costs to the
consumer.
An ambitious plan, however, recently announced by the
Vietnamese Women
quote s Union (WU) aims to provide 12,000
families with solar powered lighting by 2000. Communes in Can
Tho, Tra Vinh and Binh Phuoc provinces will be the first to
receive solar installations. A loan agreement has been reached in
December of 1998 between the WU, the Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development, and Solar Electric Light Vietnam(SELCO).
Under the agreement, families will pay 10 percent of the system
costs after signing a power supply contract, and another 15
percent in a second installment after 6 months, while the
remaining 75 perce nt will be paid during a four year term at an
incredibly low (and subsidized) annual interest rate of 1.25
percent.
Installed at an average height of 10m, wind turbines have
already been installed for recharging household batteries in
coastal areas of Quang Ninh and Hai Phong and in the central and
southern regions. Wind energy potential in some of the most
notable are as have been measured at...
a) Islands: 860-1410kWh/m2 per year
b) Coastal areas (from Ky Anh, Cua Tung, Binh Dinh, Tuy Hoa, and
from Cam Ranh, Vung Tau): 800-1000kWh/m2 per year.
c) Other select coastal areas and central highlands:
500-800kWh/m2 per year.
d) Inland areas: 500kWh/m}{f6super 2}{f6 per year.
However, wind speed even in these areas only averages 3m/s and
in-depth research into the long-term economic benefits of using
wind energy as a more sustainable form of power has yet to be
conducted.

Chân lí hai phần

Micro-hydro power - a system of harnessing power from streams in
mountainous areas - is also widely used. Much of the equipment is
imported from China at low prices but with a limited life-span.
Again, not enough research has been completed to understand the
full economic viability.
Biogas - gas produced from decomposing organic materials- is
another option. Many areas are examining this form of power
generation. Ho Chi Minh City authorities are currently reviewing
two large scale biogas digester power units. The Dutch
government, along with Vermeer Contracting Ltd. is said to be
partnering up with the HCMC people''s Committee to develop
a large scale waste decomposer and power generator.
Can Tho University is also carrying out project installations of
smaller biogas plants in this more rural region of the Mekong
Delta with the assistance of Germany and Thailand agencies. These
projects tend to be smaller in scope and used mainly for bare
necessity electricity requirements of people living in more
remote areas.
All of these alternatives power forms are fraught with problems,
however, in which the biggest of which being the instability of
natural resources. Furthermore, the lack of necessary and
reliable data, real funding, and active government support makes
these alter native sources more difficult to develop than thermal
projects.
6. Supplying or manufacturing cable and transmission equipment.
Currently, only 70 percent of the population is supplied with
power. Distribution to Vietnam''s hinterland, the
mountainous regions along the borders with Cambodia, Laos and
China, is patchy and in many places non-existent. Providing power
to these areas is essential if they are to keep pace with the
rest of the country''s development. It is also crucial to these
more remote regions'' ability to attract foreign investment. But
distributing power to remote rural and mountainous areas is as
difficult as it is costly and so the government is already
entertaining some ingenious funding alternatives to solve the
problem.
About 40 of the 61 provinces across Vietnam have large areas
still lacking electricity, including 17 districts in the northern
highlands, 18 in the central highlands and 9 island areas. The
government estimates VND32,000 billion (US$2.3 billion) is needed
to install the medium voltage lines, transformer stations and
voltage reduction lines, necessary to provide electricity to
these regions. But the viability of the plan is already being
questioned as residents of remote villages, which are without
electricity, lack the purchasing power needed to avoid
subsidizing such as scheme. Across Vietnam, 5,698 villages have
electricity, but barely because the grid and infrastructure
supporting this availability is in decrepit con***ion. This is
especially true of the medium band voltage lines. In the deltas,
it is estimated that VND7.12 billion (US$500,000) is required per
village to bring electricity to areas that are currently not on
the national grid. For villages that already have a limited
supply, the cost to upgrade is estimated at VND3.17 billion
(US$225,000). In the Mekong delta, total capital investment for
the 1996-2000 period is projected to be VND4,880 billion
(US$3.5billion). It has been proposed that of the total
investment required 30 percent should come from the state
budget, 50 percent from loans, and 20 percent form the rental of
transformers to villagers.
Most of the country''s medium and low voltage distribution system
is between 30 and 40 years old. Unlike other countries which run
their electrical wiring underground, Vietnam''s power suppliers
loop cables of varying diameter and type over city streets and
along the sides of roads all throughout the country. Such a lack
of protection from the elements causes serious problems in bad
weather as telegraph poles which support the cabling come down
with unerring frequency, cutting off entire neighborhoods at a
time. This situation is also problematic for investment in that
above ground systems are more difficult to guarantee and more
expensive to insure especially in typhoon prone areas.
However, a more immediate concern than improving investor
confidence in the power sector is the fact that the current
woeful system is costing the country money. Vietnam loses for too
much power due to inefficient transmission and relay. Rather
than sorting out these technical problems, the country''s power
authorities seem intent to filling the gap by boosting power
production, and more power production means more power loss
as the electricity drains out through the transmission. EVN is
well aware that by merely reducing the wastage by 1 percent, the
state budget would stand to gain hundreds of billions of dong
every year without any ad***ional investment in production.
The lack of government policy approving initiative and low
power prices mean it will take a long time for even the largest
and most cost-effective multinationals to recoup their
investments. Even with large blocks of ODA funding pledged,
multinationals still find it difficult to justify outlays into
the sector for these reasons. Hopefully, the state will show the
same to commitment towards upgrading the overall system as it has
for developing power generation.

Chân lí hai phần

Micro-hydro power - a system of harnessing power from streams in
mountainous areas - is also widely used. Much of the equipment is
imported from China at low prices but with a limited life-span.
Again, not enough research has been completed to understand the
full economic viability.
Biogas - gas produced from decomposing organic materials- is
another option. Many areas are examining this form of power
generation. Ho Chi Minh City authorities are currently reviewing
two large scale biogas digester power units. The Dutch
government, along with Vermeer Contracting Ltd. is said to be
partnering up with the HCMC people''s Committee to develop
a large scale waste decomposer and power generator.
Can Tho University is also carrying out project installations of
smaller biogas plants in this more rural region of the Mekong
Delta with the assistance of Germany and Thailand agencies. These
projects tend to be smaller in scope and used mainly for bare
necessity electricity requirements of people living in more
remote areas.
All of these alternatives power forms are fraught with problems,
however, in which the biggest of which being the instability of
natural resources. Furthermore, the lack of necessary and
reliable data, real funding, and active government support makes
these alter native sources more difficult to develop than thermal
projects.
6. Supplying or manufacturing cable and transmission equipment.
Currently, only 70 percent of the population is supplied with
power. Distribution to Vietnam''s hinterland, the
mountainous regions along the borders with Cambodia, Laos and
China, is patchy and in many places non-existent. Providing power
to these areas is essential if they are to keep pace with the
rest of the country''s development. It is also crucial to these
more remote regions'' ability to attract foreign investment. But
distributing power to remote rural and mountainous areas is as
difficult as it is costly and so the government is already
entertaining some ingenious funding alternatives to solve the
problem.
About 40 of the 61 provinces across Vietnam have large areas
still lacking electricity, including 17 districts in the northern
highlands, 18 in the central highlands and 9 island areas. The
government estimates VND32,000 billion (US$2.3 billion) is needed
to install the medium voltage lines, transformer stations and
voltage reduction lines, necessary to provide electricity to
these regions. But the viability of the plan is already being
questioned as residents of remote villages, which are without
electricity, lack the purchasing power needed to avoid
subsidizing such as scheme. Across Vietnam, 5,698 villages have
electricity, but barely because the grid and infrastructure
supporting this availability is in decrepit con***ion. This is
especially true of the medium band voltage lines. In the deltas,
it is estimated that VND7.12 billion (US$500,000) is required per
village to bring electricity to areas that are currently not on
the national grid. For villages that already have a limited
supply, the cost to upgrade is estimated at VND3.17 billion
(US$225,000). In the Mekong delta, total capital investment for
the 1996-2000 period is projected to be VND4,880 billion
(US$3.5billion). It has been proposed that of the total
investment required 30 percent should come from the state
budget, 50 percent from loans, and 20 percent form the rental of
transformers to villagers.
Most of the country''s medium and low voltage distribution system
is between 30 and 40 years old. Unlike other countries which run
their electrical wiring underground, Vietnam''s power suppliers
loop cables of varying diameter and type over city streets and
along the sides of roads all throughout the country. Such a lack
of protection from the elements causes serious problems in bad
weather as telegraph poles which support the cabling come down
with unerring frequency, cutting off entire neighborhoods at a
time. This situation is also problematic for investment in that
above ground systems are more difficult to guarantee and more
expensive to insure especially in typhoon prone areas.
However, a more immediate concern than improving investor
confidence in the power sector is the fact that the current
woeful system is costing the country money. Vietnam loses for too
much power due to inefficient transmission and relay. Rather
than sorting out these technical problems, the country''s power
authorities seem intent to filling the gap by boosting power
production, and more power production means more power loss
as the electricity drains out through the transmission. EVN is
well aware that by merely reducing the wastage by 1 percent, the
state budget would stand to gain hundreds of billions of dong
every year without any ad***ional investment in production.
The lack of government policy approving initiative and low
power prices mean it will take a long time for even the largest
and most cost-effective multinationals to recoup their
investments. Even with large blocks of ODA funding pledged,
multinationals still find it difficult to justify outlays into
the sector for these reasons. Hopefully, the state will show the
same to commitment towards upgrading the overall system as it has
for developing power generation.

Chân lí hai phần

Hội nghị đã xem xét thi hành kỷ luật một số cán bộ mắc sai lầm, khuyết điểm trong công tác quản lý: thi hành kỷ luật về đảng với ông Lê Huy Ngọ bằng hình thức cảnh cáo, đề nghị Nhà nước xem xét xử lý kỷ luật đúng mức ông Lê Huy Ngọ về mặt chính quyền; thi hành kỷ luật về đảng đối với ông Vũ Trọng Kim bằng hình thức khiển trách; thi hành kỷ luật về đảng đối với ông Nguyễn Tuấn Minh bằng hình thức khiển trách, đề nghị Nhà nước xem xét xử lý kỷ luật đúng mức ông Nguyễn Tuấn Minh về mặt chính quyền; thi hành kỷ luật về đảng đối với ông Ksor Phước bằng hình thức khiển trách.
(Trích từ VNN)
Xem chi tiết xin vào đây.
http://www.vnn.vn/chinhtri/2004/01/44572/
Buồn trông ngọn nước mới saHoa trôi man mác, biết là về đâu???

Hội nghị đã xem xét thi hành kỷ luật một số cán bộ mắc sai lầm, khuyết điểm trong công tác quản lý: thi hành kỷ luật về đảng với ông Lê Huy Ngọ bằng hình thức cảnh cáo, đề nghị Nhà nước xem xét xử lý kỷ luật đúng mức ông Lê Huy Ngọ về mặt chính quyền; thi hành kỷ luật về đảng đối với ông Vũ Trọng Kim bằng hình thức khiển trách; thi hành kỷ luật về đảng đối với ông Nguyễn Tuấn Minh bằng hình thức khiển trách, đề nghị Nhà nước xem xét xử lý kỷ luật đúng mức ông Nguyễn Tuấn Minh về mặt chính quyền; thi hành kỷ luật về đảng đối với ông Ksor Phước bằng hình thức khiển trách.
(Trích từ VNN)
Xem chi tiết xin vào đây.
http://www.vnn.vn/chinhtri/2004/01/44572/
Buồn trông ngọn nước mới saHoa trôi man mác, biết là về đâu???

Hôm trước ngồi tán dóc thế nào nghĩ ra một ý tưởng vui vui, mọi người thử xem có tính khả thi không nhé. Nhà máy thuỷ điện Hoà Bình cách thủ đô không xa (hình như là hơn 70km) nằm không phải ở nơi heo hút gì, nếu như không phát triển tiềm năng du lịch của nó thì thật là phí, ít nhất là một khu vui chơi giải trí các môn thể thao nước như là dù bay, lướt ván bằng canô... Điều này nghe có vẻ điên rồ vì cụm công trình là tài sản quốc gia, người ta phải di dời dân không chỉ vùng lòng hồ mà còn một số vùng lân cận nếu như nằm trong diện ảnh hưởng nguy hiểm khi mực nước trong hồ lên xuống thất thường hoặc là có khả năng ảnh hưởng đến công trình. Nhưng hiện nay ở một số nơi trên thế giới đã xuất hiện loại nhà nổi. Phía trên làm bằng vật liệu nhẹ, phía dưới là tầng hầm chứa khí (thậm chí có thể chứa đồ) làm theo kiểu chóp tứ giác hình thoi để có thể dễ di chuyển bằng sức kéo ca nô, dưới cùng là quả đối trọng và neo. Nhà nghỉ có thể xây ở trên đồi cao (hiện nay hình như đã có một khu nhà nghỉ của nhà máy rồi thì phải), cũng có thể sử dụng luôn nhà nổi làm nhà nghỉ. Đường dẫn đến khu vui chơi tốt nhất là đường mòn vì cho dù là đường nhựa hay là đường bê tông, hoặc bậc đã cũng sớm bị phù sa và xác thực vật đắp lên. Ngay cả khi xả nước ở mức thấp thì hồ Hoà Bình vẫn còn rộng gấp chán vạn lần cái Hồ tây, cano chạy lòng vòng, bay dù bay được một lúc thì phải xuống và cũng chẳng thể có nhiều người cùng một lúc chơi môn này. Đời sống nhân dân lên cao thì cũng cần có cái gì đổi mới chứ nhỉ?

Chân lí hai phần

Hôm trước ngồi tán dóc thế nào nghĩ ra một ý tưởng vui vui, mọi người thử xem có tính khả thi không nhé. Nhà máy thuỷ điện Hoà Bình cách thủ đô không xa (hình như là hơn 70km) nằm không phải ở nơi heo hút gì, nếu như không phát triển tiềm năng du lịch của nó thì thật là phí, ít nhất là một khu vui chơi giải trí các môn thể thao nước như là dù bay, lướt ván bằng canô... Điều này nghe có vẻ điên rồ vì cụm công trình là tài sản quốc gia, người ta phải di dời dân không chỉ vùng lòng hồ mà còn một số vùng lân cận nếu như nằm trong diện ảnh hưởng nguy hiểm khi mực nước trong hồ lên xuống thất thường hoặc là có khả năng ảnh hưởng đến công trình. Nhưng hiện nay ở một số nơi trên thế giới đã xuất hiện loại nhà nổi. Phía trên làm bằng vật liệu nhẹ, phía dưới là tầng hầm chứa khí (thậm chí có thể chứa đồ) làm theo kiểu chóp tứ giác hình thoi để có thể dễ di chuyển bằng sức kéo ca nô, dưới cùng là quả đối trọng và neo. Nhà nghỉ có thể xây ở trên đồi cao (hiện nay hình như đã có một khu nhà nghỉ của nhà máy rồi thì phải), cũng có thể sử dụng luôn nhà nổi làm nhà nghỉ. Đường dẫn đến khu vui chơi tốt nhất là đường mòn vì cho dù là đường nhựa hay là đường bê tông, hoặc bậc đã cũng sớm bị phù sa và xác thực vật đắp lên. Ngay cả khi xả nước ở mức thấp thì hồ Hoà Bình vẫn còn rộng gấp chán vạn lần cái Hồ tây, cano chạy lòng vòng, bay dù bay được một lúc thì phải xuống và cũng chẳng thể có nhiều người cùng một lúc chơi môn này. Đời sống nhân dân lên cao thì cũng cần có cái gì đổi mới chứ nhỉ?

Chân lí hai phần

To Chanlihaiphan: Du lịch thì nhiều người nghĩ đến lắm. Nhưng khi phát triển du lịch thì chính quyền Hoà Bình có thể đảm bảo được sẽ bảo vệ được hiện trạng tự nhiên của hồ Hoà Bình không là vấn đề đấy.
Mấy tuần trước VTV có đưa tin về chuyện nhà nổi ở Hạ Long, sau khi được công nhận là di sản thế giới thì ở Hạ Long xuất hiện một loại hnìh dịch vụ để đáp ứng nhu cầu của khách trên hồ. Ban đầu thì chỉ ít thôi, nhưng bi giờ thì có rất nhiều người từ khắp nơi đến đây để làm nhà nổi. Thế là vịnh Hạ Long bắt đầu suất hiện các vật thể lạ làm ô nhiễm môi trương, chẳng biết bây giờ vấn đền này đã được sử lí chưa???
Phát triển được du lịch cũng là tốt thôi nhưng phải có biện pháp quản lí chặt chẽ mới được. Phần này thì bọn mình miễn bàn, không phận sự!!!
S_Holland_GRSP