Chiến tranh Vệ quốc Vĩ đại của nhân dân Liên Xô

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Lính Nga vượt sông
Máy bay Đức bị hạ

Một thời gian sau người ta đưa chúng tôi tới Gor''kii, nơi Binh đoàn Xe tăng thao luyện số 3 đóng quân. Trung đoàn Xe tăng thao luyện dự bị số 3, nơi tôi phục vụ, đóng tại Bolokhna. Đó cũng là nơi chúng tôi nhận được các trang bị cá nhân và khí tài ?" xe T-34 ?" và bắt tay vào huấn luyện chiến đấu, học chiến thuật cho đội hình trung đội và đại đội.
Các bài tập chiến thuật được thực hiện trên thao trường. Ví dụ như, trong một bài tập trung đội, chúng tôi thực hành một nhiệm vụ như tấn công theo đội hình trung đội, lập đội hình phòng thủ trung đội, lập đội hình trung đội khi hành quân. Thao tập đội hình đại đội cũng tương tự, chỉ khác là thực hiện với toàn thể đại đội xe tăng. Sau khi học các bài tập chiến thuật, chúng tôi tập bắn đạn thật trên xe tăng theo cự ly bắn thực tiễn.
Tôi cũng xin lưu ý rằng chúng tôi được học trên những chiếc xe tăng huấn luyện. Khi chúng tôi được chuyển ra mặt trận, người ta cấp cho chúng tôi những xe tăng mới. Dường như cũng chính là những chiếc tăng T-34 đó, nhưng chỉ là cảm giác ban đầu của những kẻ không chuyên thôi. Mỗi chiếc xe, mỗi chiếc tăng, mỗi khẩu pháo xe tăng, mỗi động cơ đều có những tính năng rất riêng biệt. Anh không thể nhận ra chúng ngay từ đầu, anh chỉ có thể hiểu ra tất cả khi sử dụng chúng hàng ngày. Thế là rốt cục chúng tôi đã ra trận với những chiếc xe tăng hoàn toàn xa lạ. Người pháo thủ không hiểu rõ khẩu pháo của mình, người lái xe không biết rõ khả năng cái động cơ chạy dầu của xe mình có thể và không thể làm được chuyện gì, và v.v. Cần phải điều chỉnh thế nào, và chỉnh bao nhiêu là đủ: khẩu pháo, kính ngắm, rồi còn những gì nữa đây? Chúng tôi phải bước vào chiến đấu với những chiếc xe xa lạ. Tất nhiên, ở nhà máy người ta đã điều chỉnh các khẩu pháo trên xe và chạy thử được 50 km, nhưng như thế hoàn toàn chưa đủ. Tuy vậy, chúng tôi vẫn cố gắng tự làm quen với những chiếc xe tăng của mình trước trận đánh, tận dụng mọi cơ hội có được.
Và rồi chúng tôi được đưa tới mặt trận để bổ sung cho Trung đoàn Xe tăng Cận vệ tình nguyện vùng Ural số 3?
Phỏng vấn: Artem Drabkin
Ghi âm:Valera Potapov
Dịch từ Nga sang Anhleg Sheremet
Dịch từ Anh sang Việt: Lý Thế Dân

Một thời gian sau người ta đưa chúng tôi tới Gor''kii, nơi Binh đoàn Xe tăng thao luyện số 3 đóng quân. Trung đoàn Xe tăng thao luyện dự bị số 3, nơi tôi phục vụ, đóng tại Bolokhna. Đó cũng là nơi chúng tôi nhận được các trang bị cá nhân và khí tài ?" xe T-34 ?" và bắt tay vào huấn luyện chiến đấu, học chiến thuật cho đội hình trung đội và đại đội.
Các bài tập chiến thuật được thực hiện trên thao trường. Ví dụ như, trong một bài tập trung đội, chúng tôi thực hành một nhiệm vụ như tấn công theo đội hình trung đội, lập đội hình phòng thủ trung đội, lập đội hình trung đội khi hành quân. Thao tập đội hình đại đội cũng tương tự, chỉ khác là thực hiện với toàn thể đại đội xe tăng. Sau khi học các bài tập chiến thuật, chúng tôi tập bắn đạn thật trên xe tăng theo cự ly bắn thực tiễn.
Tôi cũng xin lưu ý rằng chúng tôi được học trên những chiếc xe tăng huấn luyện. Khi chúng tôi được chuyển ra mặt trận, người ta cấp cho chúng tôi những xe tăng mới. Dường như cũng chính là những chiếc tăng T-34 đó, nhưng chỉ là cảm giác ban đầu của những kẻ không chuyên thôi. Mỗi chiếc xe, mỗi chiếc tăng, mỗi khẩu pháo xe tăng, mỗi động cơ đều có những tính năng rất riêng biệt. Anh không thể nhận ra chúng ngay từ đầu, anh chỉ có thể hiểu ra tất cả khi sử dụng chúng hàng ngày. Thế là rốt cục chúng tôi đã ra trận với những chiếc xe tăng hoàn toàn xa lạ. Người pháo thủ không hiểu rõ khẩu pháo của mình, người lái xe không biết rõ khả năng cái động cơ chạy dầu của xe mình có thể và không thể làm được chuyện gì, và v.v. Cần phải điều chỉnh thế nào, và chỉnh bao nhiêu là đủ: khẩu pháo, kính ngắm, rồi còn những gì nữa đây? Chúng tôi phải bước vào chiến đấu với những chiếc xe xa lạ. Tất nhiên, ở nhà máy người ta đã điều chỉnh các khẩu pháo trên xe và chạy thử được 50 km, nhưng như thế hoàn toàn chưa đủ. Tuy vậy, chúng tôi vẫn cố gắng tự làm quen với những chiếc xe tăng của mình trước trận đánh, tận dụng mọi cơ hội có được.
Và rồi chúng tôi được đưa tới mặt trận để bổ sung cho Trung đoàn Xe tăng Cận vệ tình nguyện vùng Ural số 3?
Phỏng vấn: Artem Drabkin
Ghi âm:Valera Potapov
Dịch từ Nga sang Anhleg Sheremet
Dịch từ Anh sang Việt: Lý Thế Dân

Đang định thắc mắc đây. Trông cái này hay nhỉ. Bác có tài liệu nào thêm không? Có phải nó được dùng như một loại mìn di động không? Điều khiển bằng dây nối à?
Tôi nhìn thấy rất giống một loại xe không người lái mà tụi Mỹ đang nghiên cứu phát triển cho bộ binh, dùng để trinh sát, tấn công toà nhà, vượt bãi mìn, v.v... Chỉ có điều ra đời sau cái Goliath nhà bác hơn 60 năm.

Đang định thắc mắc đây. Trông cái này hay nhỉ. Bác có tài liệu nào thêm không? Có phải nó được dùng như một loại mìn di động không? Điều khiển bằng dây nối à?
Tôi nhìn thấy rất giống một loại xe không người lái mà tụi Mỹ đang nghiên cứu phát triển cho bộ binh, dùng để trinh sát, tấn công toà nhà, vượt bãi mìn, v.v... Chỉ có điều ra đời sau cái Goliath nhà bác hơn 60 năm.

Nhà em thấy nó quái quá mới tính đem ra hỏi các bác đấy

Nhà em thấy nó quái quá mới tính đem ra hỏi các bác đấy

Đây rồi:
Light demolition carrier "Goliath" (Sd.Kfz.302/303a/303b)
In the year 1940 a small demolition carrier, which was developed by the french manufacturer Kegresse, was sunk in the Seine and recovered by the germans, who explored it detailed. Already in November 1940 the order to develop a small, remote controlled, fully tracked vehicle, which should carry at least 50kg of explosives, was given to Borgward. The idea behind that was to destroy enemy bunkers, fortified positions and even tanks from a safe distance with the help of this vehicle. Because the explosive charge was fixed to the vehicle, the whole vehicle was blown up at the target. It was intended to look like that enemy positions were discovered, then engineers, sitting in secure position, drove "Goliath" with remote control to the enemy and there the "Goliath" was blown up.
The prototype (as can be seen in the photo on the left) got four large wheels and was driven by two electric-motors, which were fed by two batteries. The production vehicle then got smaller roadwheels, fixed to leaf-springs, what led to two enough space between the tracks for battery-carrying sponsons on each side. That brought more space for the explosive charge, which was now 60kg! The track was guided above the sponsons by three return rollers and the idler wheel was made as disc-type, which all can be seen on the next picture.
So this was the "leichter Ladungsträger" (light demolition carrier) Sd.Kfz.302 - E-Motor (Electric engine) or even known as "Gerät 67". From April 1942 to January 1944 the manufacturers Borward and Zündapp produced 2650 of this type. It was propelled by two Bosch MM/RQL 2500/24 RL2 electric-motors, each giving 2.5kW. Two batteries gave the energy for the motors. With the overall weight of 370kg a maximum speed of 10kph could be achieved. The driving-range was about 1.5km on streets and 800m cross country. For longer transports there was a two wheeled trailer, on which "Goliath" was brought to the battle zone. At the rear of the vehicle the drum, which carried the wire, was located. It was a three strand wire, where two strands were for driving the vehicle and one for detonating the charge. The "Goliath" was 1.5m long, 0.85m wide, 0.56m high and the hull was made of 5mm steel. The tracks were 16cm wide and made of 48 links each. With a ground clearance of 11.4cm and a track ground contact length of 73cm it was enabled to cross trenches of 60cm width.
The first "Goliath" E-Motor vehicles were given to Panzerpionierkompanien (Goliath) 811-815, which belong to Heerespionierbataillon(mot) zbV600 (Taifun). Also the Pioniersturmbrigade 627 got some of the first "Goliath". Only a few "Goliath" E-Motor came into action, because the charge was too small to make big success and also the price of a Sd.Kfz.302 was about 3000,-RM (Reichsmark), which was expensive and was one of the main reasons to discontinue the production by January 1944 and to speed up the development of a cheaper carrier with a combustion engine. in March 1945 there were 2527 Sd.Kfz.302 ready for action, what shows that the use of this vehicle was very little.
As said before the "Goliath" should become better and cheaper. Already in November 1942 a demolition carrier was demanded, which could carry bigger charges over longer distances. The manufacturers Zündapp and Zachertz built a successor with the base of a "Goliath", which got a combustion engine. The designation was "Leichter Ladungsträger (V-Motor)", "Goliath", Sd.Kfz.303a respectively Sd.Kfz.303b or "Gerät 671" respectively "Gerät 672".
The first version (Sd.Kfz.303a / Gerät 671) was built from April 1943 to September 1944 in a number of 4604. This vehicle could carry a 75kg charge. A Zündapp SZ7 two cylinder, two-stroke-engine with 703cm- gave 12.5bhp and speeded the 370kg heavy vehicle to 10kph. The petrol tank, located at the rear, contained 6 litre, so the maximum range of 12km on streets or 6-8km cross-country was given. The hull was made of 10mm steel and the vehicle hat a length of 1.62m, a width of 0.84m and a heigth of 0.6m. In contast to the electric-motor version, this version got a new designed spoked idler, only two return rollers, a raised air-intake cowl on hull top and the roadwheels were suspended by swingarms and coil springs. The tracks weighted 25.5kg and were made of 48 links each.
Of the following version Sd.Kfz.303b / Gerät 672 were 325 produced from November 1944 on. This version now could carry a 100kg charge and can be distinguished from version "a" by the dimensions. The length now was 1.63m, the width 0.91m and the height 0.62m. Despite of increased weight of 430kg it could achive a speed of 11.5kph with the same engine. The other technical data is the same as for Sd.kfz.303a.
The sponsons on each side carried now two batteries, the control unit and air filters. At the front of the hullt the charge was placed, while the engine was in the middle compartment. At the rear the wire-drum, which carried 650m of wire, was placed as well as the petrol tank as mentioned before. The ground clearance was 16.8cm which allowed a wade depth of 22cm. The trench crossing abilty of the Sd.Kfz.303a was 85cm and of Sd.Kfz.303b even 1.00m. The grade climbing ability was 70°.
To produce a "Goliath V-Motor" about 542kg of unalloyed and 10kg alloyed iron was needed. The price of this type of "Goliath" was only 1000,-RM, which was more cheap than the "Goliath" with electric motor. Nevertheless this version also wasn''t very successful und also not often used in combat. Of all, nearly 5000 produced Sd.Kfz.303, were 3797 still waiting for action in January 1945!
Here you can see a nice photo of the construction of a "Goliath (V-Motor)":
1: wire-drum carrying 650m three-stranded control-wire
2: Petrol-tank for combustion engine containing 6 liter petrol
3: 2-cylinder two-stroke combustion engine with 703cm-.
4: engine cooling ventilator; air supply through air-intake cowl on hull top.
5: room for explosive charge 75kg / 100kg
On the above you can see a photo from "Goliath" on the way to action. Carried on the above mentioned two wheeled trailer, pulled by two soldiers. This photo was taken on operations in Warsaw in 1944.

Đây rồi:
Light demolition carrier "Goliath" (Sd.Kfz.302/303a/303b)
In the year 1940 a small demolition carrier, which was developed by the french manufacturer Kegresse, was sunk in the Seine and recovered by the germans, who explored it detailed. Already in November 1940 the order to develop a small, remote controlled, fully tracked vehicle, which should carry at least 50kg of explosives, was given to Borgward. The idea behind that was to destroy enemy bunkers, fortified positions and even tanks from a safe distance with the help of this vehicle. Because the explosive charge was fixed to the vehicle, the whole vehicle was blown up at the target. It was intended to look like that enemy positions were discovered, then engineers, sitting in secure position, drove "Goliath" with remote control to the enemy and there the "Goliath" was blown up.
The prototype (as can be seen in the photo on the left) got four large wheels and was driven by two electric-motors, which were fed by two batteries. The production vehicle then got smaller roadwheels, fixed to leaf-springs, what led to two enough space between the tracks for battery-carrying sponsons on each side. That brought more space for the explosive charge, which was now 60kg! The track was guided above the sponsons by three return rollers and the idler wheel was made as disc-type, which all can be seen on the next picture.
So this was the "leichter Ladungsträger" (light demolition carrier) Sd.Kfz.302 - E-Motor (Electric engine) or even known as "Gerät 67". From April 1942 to January 1944 the manufacturers Borward and Zündapp produced 2650 of this type. It was propelled by two Bosch MM/RQL 2500/24 RL2 electric-motors, each giving 2.5kW. Two batteries gave the energy for the motors. With the overall weight of 370kg a maximum speed of 10kph could be achieved. The driving-range was about 1.5km on streets and 800m cross country. For longer transports there was a two wheeled trailer, on which "Goliath" was brought to the battle zone. At the rear of the vehicle the drum, which carried the wire, was located. It was a three strand wire, where two strands were for driving the vehicle and one for detonating the charge. The "Goliath" was 1.5m long, 0.85m wide, 0.56m high and the hull was made of 5mm steel. The tracks were 16cm wide and made of 48 links each. With a ground clearance of 11.4cm and a track ground contact length of 73cm it was enabled to cross trenches of 60cm width.
The first "Goliath" E-Motor vehicles were given to Panzerpionierkompanien (Goliath) 811-815, which belong to Heerespionierbataillon(mot) zbV600 (Taifun). Also the Pioniersturmbrigade 627 got some of the first "Goliath". Only a few "Goliath" E-Motor came into action, because the charge was too small to make big success and also the price of a Sd.Kfz.302 was about 3000,-RM (Reichsmark), which was expensive and was one of the main reasons to discontinue the production by January 1944 and to speed up the development of a cheaper carrier with a combustion engine. in March 1945 there were 2527 Sd.Kfz.302 ready for action, what shows that the use of this vehicle was very little.
As said before the "Goliath" should become better and cheaper. Already in November 1942 a demolition carrier was demanded, which could carry bigger charges over longer distances. The manufacturers Zündapp and Zachertz built a successor with the base of a "Goliath", which got a combustion engine. The designation was "Leichter Ladungsträger (V-Motor)", "Goliath", Sd.Kfz.303a respectively Sd.Kfz.303b or "Gerät 671" respectively "Gerät 672".
The first version (Sd.Kfz.303a / Gerät 671) was built from April 1943 to September 1944 in a number of 4604. This vehicle could carry a 75kg charge. A Zündapp SZ7 two cylinder, two-stroke-engine with 703cm- gave 12.5bhp and speeded the 370kg heavy vehicle to 10kph. The petrol tank, located at the rear, contained 6 litre, so the maximum range of 12km on streets or 6-8km cross-country was given. The hull was made of 10mm steel and the vehicle hat a length of 1.62m, a width of 0.84m and a heigth of 0.6m. In contast to the electric-motor version, this version got a new designed spoked idler, only two return rollers, a raised air-intake cowl on hull top and the roadwheels were suspended by swingarms and coil springs. The tracks weighted 25.5kg and were made of 48 links each.
Of the following version Sd.Kfz.303b / Gerät 672 were 325 produced from November 1944 on. This version now could carry a 100kg charge and can be distinguished from version "a" by the dimensions. The length now was 1.63m, the width 0.91m and the height 0.62m. Despite of increased weight of 430kg it could achive a speed of 11.5kph with the same engine. The other technical data is the same as for Sd.kfz.303a.
The sponsons on each side carried now two batteries, the control unit and air filters. At the front of the hullt the charge was placed, while the engine was in the middle compartment. At the rear the wire-drum, which carried 650m of wire, was placed as well as the petrol tank as mentioned before. The ground clearance was 16.8cm which allowed a wade depth of 22cm. The trench crossing abilty of the Sd.Kfz.303a was 85cm and of Sd.Kfz.303b even 1.00m. The grade climbing ability was 70°.
To produce a "Goliath V-Motor" about 542kg of unalloyed and 10kg alloyed iron was needed. The price of this type of "Goliath" was only 1000,-RM, which was more cheap than the "Goliath" with electric motor. Nevertheless this version also wasn''t very successful und also not often used in combat. Of all, nearly 5000 produced Sd.Kfz.303, were 3797 still waiting for action in January 1945!
Here you can see a nice photo of the construction of a "Goliath (V-Motor)":
1: wire-drum carrying 650m three-stranded control-wire
2: Petrol-tank for combustion engine containing 6 liter petrol
3: 2-cylinder two-stroke combustion engine with 703cm-.
4: engine cooling ventilator; air supply through air-intake cowl on hull top.
5: room for explosive charge 75kg / 100kg
On the above you can see a photo from "Goliath" on the way to action. Carried on the above mentioned two wheeled trailer, pulled by two soldiers. This photo was taken on operations in Warsaw in 1944.

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