Đố tên lịch sử & danh nhân THẾ GIỚI .

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (1918- ), South African activist, winner of the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, and the first black president of South Africa (1994-1999). Born in Umtata, South Africa, in what is now Eastern Cape province, Mandela was the son of a Xhosa-speaking Thembu chief. He attended the University of Fort Hare in Alice where he became involved in the political struggle against the racial discrimination practiced in South Africa. He was expelled in 1940 for participating in a student demonstration. After moving to Johannesburg, he completed his course work by correspondence through the University of South Africa and received a bachelor?Ts degree in 1942. Mandela then studied law at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. He became increasingly involved with the African National Congress (ANC), a multiracial nationalist movement which sought to bring about democratic political change in South Africa. Mandela helped establish the ANC Youth League in 1944 and became its president in 1951.
The National Party (NP) came to power in South Africa in 1948 on a political platform of white supremacy. The official policy of apartheid, or forced segregation of the races, began to be implemented under NP rule. In 1952 the ANC staged a campaign known as the Defiance Campaign, when protesters across the country refused to obey apartheid laws. That same year Mandela became one of the ANC?Ts four deputy presidents. In 1952 he and his friend Oliver Tambo were the first blacks to open a law practice in South Africa. In the face of government harassment and with the prospect of the ANC being officially banned, Mandela and others devised a plan. Called the ?oM? plan after Mandela, it organized the ANC into small units of people who could then encourage grassroots participation in antiapartheid struggles.
By the late 1950s Mandela, with Oliver Tambo and others, moved the ANC in a more militant direction against the increasingly discriminatory policies of the government. He was charged with treason in 1956 because of the ANC?Ts increased activity, particularly in the Defiance Campaign, but he was acquitted after a five-year trial. In 1957 Mandela divorced his first wife, Evelyn Mase; in 1958 he married Nomzamo Madikizela, a social worker, who became known as Winnie Mandela.
In March 1960 the ANC and its rival, the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), called for a nationwide demonstration against South Africâ?Ts pass laws, which controlled the movement and employment of blacks and forced them to carry identity papers. After police massacred 69 blacks demonstrating in Sharpeville (see Sharpeville Massacre), both the ANC and the PAC were banned. After Sharpeville the ANC abandoned the strategy of nonviolence, which until that time had been an important part of its philosophy. Mandela helped to establish the ANC?Ts military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), in December 1961. He was named its commander-in-chief and went to Algeria for military training. Back in South Africa, he was arrested in August 1962 and sentenced to five years in prison for incitement and for leaving the country illegally.
While Mandela was in prison, ANC colleagues who had been operating in hiding were arrested at Rivonia, outside of Johannesburg. Mandela was put on trial with them for sabotage, treason, and violent conspiracy. He was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment in June 1964. For the next 18 years he was imprisoned on Robben Island and held under harsh con***ions with other political prisoners. Despite the maximum security of the Robben Island prison, Mandela and other leaders were able to keep in contact with the antiapartheid movement covertly. Mandela wrote much of his autobiography secretly in prison. The manuscript was smuggled out and was eventually completed and published in 1994 as Long Walk to Freedom. Later, Mandela was moved to the maximum-security Pollsmoor Prison near Cape Town. Mandela became an international symbol of resistance to apartheid during his long years of imprisonment, and world leaders continued to demand his release.
In response to both international and domestic pressure, the South African government, under the leadership of President F. W. de Klerk, lifted the ban against the ANC and released Mandela in February 1990. Soon after his release from prison he became estranged from Winnie Mandela, who had played a key leadership role in the antiapartheid movement during his incarceration. Although Winnie had won international recognition for her defiance of the government, immediately before Mandelâ?Ts release she had come into conflict with the ANC over a controversial kidnapping and murder trial that involved her young bodyguards. The Mandelas were divorced in 1996.
Mandela, who enjoyed enormous popularity, assumed the leadership of the ANC and led negotiations with the government for an end to apartheid. While white South Africans considered sharing power a big step, black South Africans wanted nothing less than a complete transfer of power. Mandela played a crucial role in resolving differences. For their efforts, he and de Klerk were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. The following year South Africa held its first multiracial elections, and Mandela became president.
Mandela sought to calm the fears of white South Africans and of potential international investors by trying to balance plans for reconstruction and development with financial caution. His Reconstruction and Development Plan allotted large amounts of money to the creation of jobs and housing and to the development of basic health care. In December 1996 Mandela signed into law a new South African constitution. The constitution established a federal system with a strong central government based on majority rule, and it contained guarantees of the rights of minorities and of freedom of expression. Mandela, who had announced that he would not run for reelection in 1999, stepped down as party leader of the ANC in late 1997 and was succeeded by South African deputy president Thabo Mbeki. Mandela's presidency came to an end in June 1999, when the ANC won legislative elections and selected Mbeki as South Africa's next president..
Je suis Viêtnamien, vive le Vietnam

--> Afred Nobel người tìm ra thuốc nổ TNT, và là người sáng lập ra giải Nobel nổi tiếng.

********** ​

"When you get to college, biology is really chemistry, chemistry is really physics, physics is really calculus, and calculus is really hard."

V.I.Lenin <-- quá nổi tiếng . Những người ko biết đến ông trên trái đất ắt hẳn ít hơn những người biết .
Nhằm thẳng quân thù mà bắn

Neil Alden Armstrong
Kẻ đã từng được Mỹ tuyên truyền là người đầu tiên đặt trên lên Mặt Trăng, nhưng bây giờ đang bị nghi ngờ. Gạt bỏ sự nghi ngờ, xin bà con hãy đọc thông tin về hắn:
(1930- ), one of the first civilian United States astronauts and the first human to set foot on the moon. Armstrong was the commander of the first Apollo program mission to land on the moon?"Apollo 11?"in July 1969. He also flew aboard a Gemini program mission in 1966 and has been a U.S. Navy combat pilot, test pilot, professor, businessman, and presidential adviser. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and numerous international awards for his service on Apollo 11.
Armstrong was born in Wapokoneta, Ohio. When he was 16 years old he began flying as a student pilot. He earned a navy scholarship and began attending Purdue University in 1947. In 1950 Armstrong began active duty with the navy for the Korean War. He flew fighter planes in Korea until 1952, when he returned to Purdue. Armstrong earned his B.S. degree in aeronautical engineering in 1955.
Armstrong joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) at the Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1955, then transferred later that same year to the NACA Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base in California. He was a test pilot for many of the high-performance aircraft used to experiment with ideas for spacecraft. Armstrong left the Flight Research Center in 1962 to join the second group of U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronaut trainees.
This second group of trainees included the first two civilian astronaut candidates, Armstrong and test pilot Elliot See. (See unfortunately died in a plane crash while training to be commander of Gemini 9.) After completing initial training at NASA, Armstrong served as a backup to the Gemini 5 crew, then became the command pilot of Gemini 8; David R. Scott also flew aboard Gemini 8. The mission launched March 16, 1966, with the primary objective of docking with another spacecraft. Gemini 8 rendezvoused with a used segment of a launch vehicle called an Agena booster 298 km (185 mi) above the earth, and Armstrong successfully docked the two craft together 6 hours and 34 minutes into the mission. Roughly 30 minutes later, the paired spacecraft began to rotate unexpectedly and without any command from the astronauts. The rotation eventually reached about 60 revolutions per minute. The astronauts and the ground crew reacted rapidly and diagnosed a short circuit in the thruster rocket that controlled Gemini 8?Ts orientation. Armstrong and Scott had to use roughly 75 percent of Gemini 8's fuel to stabilize the craft, forcing the mission to end early with an emergency reentry during the seventh orbit.
Armstrong?Ts next assignments were on the backup crews for the Gemini 11 and Apollo 8 missions. In 1968 he was assigned the position of commander for the Apollo 11 mission, joined by Edwin ?oBuzz? Aldrin and Michael Allen Collins.
The mission objective for Apollo 11 was simply to take humans to the moon and return safely. Both NASA and the crew recognized the mission?Ts significance for all humans, and reflected this in several ways. Apollo 11?Ts mission patch is the only mission patch in NASA history to have no individual names on it. A plaque mounted on one leg of the lunar module, the part of the Apollo spacecraft that landed on the moon, bears a map of the earth, the signatures of President Richard Nixon and all three astronauts, and the inscription, ?oHere men from the planet earth first set foot upon the moon July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.?
Apollo 11 launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on July 16, 1969, and arrived in orbit around the moon on July 20. On the 14th orbit of the moon, following eight hours of preparation for the landing, the lunar module Eagle undocked from the command module Columbia and descended toward the Mare Tranquillitatis (Sea of Tranquility). Armstrong began actively piloting the Eagle when the craft was about 1500 m (about 5000 ft) above the moon and 6 km (4 mi) east of the landing target, maneuvering to avoid boulders in the landing zone. The Eagle touched down on the moon?Ts surface very gently about three hours after separating from the Columbia. Armstrong and Aldrin prepared the Eagle for immediate liftoff in case of emergency, ate a meal, skipped a planned rest period, and began getting ready to go out onto the lunar surface.
At 10:56 pm Eastern Daylight Time Neil Armstrong became the first human being to set foot on the moon, pronouncing one of the most famous quotes of the 20th century: ?oThat?Ts one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.? Aldrin emerged less than 15 minutes later. Armstrong and Aldrin worked on the lunar surface operations within a radius of about 50 m (about 160 ft) of the lunar module for about 2 hours and 30 minutes. Their work included the collection of 22 kg (48 lbs) of rock samples and core tube samples and setting up a solar wind experiment, a seismometer to detect moonquakes, and a laser reflector. The laser reflector reflected pulses of laser light fired from the earth. This allowed scientists to make very accurate measurements of the distance between the earth and the moon. Eagle lifted off to rejoin Columbia after just 21 hours and 30 minutes on the lunar surface. The Apollo 11 crew returned to Earth on July 24, splashing down in the Pacific Ocean about 1300 km (about 810 mi) southeast of Hawaii. The crew spent a lengthy period in biological quarantine to ensure they had not brought any contaminants back to the earth, and then spent many months in technical debriefings at NASA and public appearances around the world.
In 1970 Armstrong became NASA?Ts Deputy Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, in Washington, D.C. He left NASA in 1971 to join the faculty of the University of Cincinnati as a professor of engineering, a post he retained until 1979, when he went into private industry. In 1984 President Ronald Reagan appointed Armstrong to the National Commission on Space, a group charged with developing goals for the civilian space program into the 21st century. In 1986 President Reagan named him vice chairman of the Rogers Commission, which investigated the space shuttle Challenger disaster. He has served as a director of several corporations and hosted a 1991 television documentary on aviation entitled ?oFirst Flights.?
Je suis Viêtnamien, vive le Vietnam

Galileo GALILEI (Pisa 1564 - Arcetri, Florence 1642): nhà vật lí và vũ trụ học nổi tiếng của Ý, qua những đóng góp về vật thể rơi tự do, kính thiên văn, phát hiện ra các vệ tinh của Mộc tinh, những nghiên cứu về Thổ tinh, bất hủ với câu nói "Dù sao Trái đất cũng quay quanh Mặt trời".
Si l'amour existe encore

Indira Gandhi: Thủ tướng Ấn Độ, sinh năm 1917. Ở Hà Nội có vườn hoa mang tên ông, cạnh Nhà hát Lớn.
Ngày mai, ngày mốt, ngày kia nữa...
Tôi có là ai giữa bể dâu?

28.Adam Smith
29.Hạng Võ
30.Osama Bin Laden
31.Nile
32.Eisenhower (Dwight David Eisenhower)
33.Raspoutine
34.Euphrates
35.Shakespeare (William)
36.Euculid
37.Dickens (Charles)
38.Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
39.Afred Nobel
40.Lenin
41.Neil Alden Armstrong
42.Galileo Galilei
43.Indira Gandhi
Ngày mai, ngày mốt, ngày kia nữa...
Tôi có là ai giữa bể dâu?

Nhằm giúp "cuộc chơi" này có thể tồn tại lâu dài một cách thú vị, bổ ích và hợp lý, tôi có vài ý kiến thế này:
0. Quy định buộc phải có vài dòng giới thiệu về tác giả (+ tác phẩm nếu có) rất hay, bởi như vậy cuộc chơi mới thực sự bổ ích. Nếu có điều kiện các bạn nên chú thích chi tiết một tí (3 -> 5 dòng) để mọi người tham gia cùng mở mang kiến thức.
1. Tên danh nhân lịch sử thế giới rất nhiều, do đó nên giới hạn chỉ ở tên các nhân vật, không nên lan sang tên di tích, sự kiện, danh thắng, sông, núi, kênh rạch ...sẽ bị loãng đi. Từ Wolfgang A. Mozart sang (núi) Thái Sơn trông kỳ kỳ thế nào ý !
2. Quy định về việc nối chữ nên rõ ràng, nếu đã căn cứ vào tên thì không được "mập mờ" sang họ. Ở trang đầu quy định là chỉ dùng tên, nhưng thực tế là chúng ta đã "nối" khá lộn xộn. Chẳng hạn có lúc chữ cái cuối cùng trong "full name" của người trước được nối bằng chữ cái đầu tiên trong "full name" của người sau, (Adam Smith -> Hạng Võ -> Osama Bin Laden), có lúc lại "được" bắt đầu từ họ (Shakespeare (William) -> Euclid -> Dickens (Charles) ).v.v.. Như vậy sẽ dẫn đến tình trạng lộn xộn, không thống nhất. khi thống kê sẽ trông không được hợp lý lắm.
Tôi đề nghị hai cách:
a. Hoặc là căn cứ vào tên đầy đủ của danh nhân: chữ cái đầu tiên của người sau sẽ được bắt đầu bằng chữ cái cuối cùng của tên người trước (Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela -> Afred Nobel). Cách này có vẻ khó.
b. Chỉ căn cứ vào từ sau cùng của tên (nghĩa là họ trong tiếng Anh, Pháp ...và là tên trong tiếng Trung ...). (M. Curie -> Edilson -> J.F. Nash hay W.Shakespeare -> Euclid -> C.Dickens).
Cách b) có điểm lợi hơn cách a) ở chỗ ...dễ thực hiện hơn . Hầu hết mọi người thường chỉ nhớ đến họ của danh nhân hơn là tên của họ, và trong cách gọi tên hay viết về họ, người ta cũng thường chỉ dùng (gọi) họ. Ví dụ, ta thường nghe đến I. Newton, W.Shakespeare, N.Bohr , C. Dickens , A. Einstein chứ mấy ai để ý đến các tên như Isaac, William, Niels , Charles, Albert ...? Cách này cũng không sợ trùng bởi thế giới cũng chẳng có mấy nhân vật trùng nhau, và cũng được phân biệt bằng tên riêng rồi (như nhà Curie).
3. Cuối cùng là nên có một thời hạn quy định (1 hoặc 2 ngày) trong các trường hợp "bí" trước khi người kế tiếp được phép sử dụng chữ cái kế chữ cuối cùng trong tên của người trước, bởi vì box LSVH đông thế này, chắc gì đã không tìm được tên phù hợp ?
Chúc cuộc chơi tốt đẹp !
Yên ba giang thượng sử nhân sầu

Imhotep(ko phai là imhotep như trong phim xác ướp đâu)là thầy thuốc,linh mục,nhà thiên văn,kiến trúc sư,quan thương thư của vua Djésẻ.Ông là người thiết kế ra chiếc kim tự tháp đầu tiên ở ai cập
Nihil desparan dum

--> Pablo Picasso: (1881-1973) Nhà danh họa người Tây Ban Nha, được xem là 1 trong những danh họa vĩ đại của thế kỷ 20 về trường phái trừu tượng.
Xem chi tiết tại: http://home.xnet.com/~stanko/
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NOW OR NEVER
Kintaro (online from Mon to Wed)