Giới thiệu về Su-27SKM và Su-30MK2 (PART-2)

Tớ thì tớ không muốn tranh cãi ở đây, vì tớ biết các đồng chí cãi cọ hay ho lắm lắm.
Nhưng ít nhất có 2 acc lắm chuyện, tớ thêm một dòng nữa, rồi đề nghị các đồng chí đem sờ chét đi chỗ khác.
Các đồng chí xem ảnh, các đồng chí thấy nó ngỏng lên, rồi bảo nó ngỏng lên ??????
Mũi của F-111, F-18 đều chúc xuống, nên AESA của hai con này đều ngỏng lên so với cái mũi, nếu không thì nó cắm thẳng xuống đất. Đây là các máy bay đối đất, người ta làm như thế để tăng tầm nhìn xuống của phi công. Họ làm như thế để tránh làm buồng lái cao vọt lên như Su.
Khi đỗ trên đất, nhìn các radar này như là ngỏng lên vì vậy. Nhưng trên không F-18 chúc xuống 15 độ. F-111 thì nằm ngang.
Trước đây, bọn này dùng antenna lắc chảo nên không nhìn thấy điều đó, khi các đồng chí ngắm nghía thần tượng.

Hì, cơ khổ! Té ra là hiểu nhầm. Có ai cãi cọ gì đâu! Cậu cứ nghĩ thế đấy chứ. Tớ hỏi bình thường thôi, vì thấy cái vụ trục để radar đấy nó xoáy theo trục dọc với lại chúc xuống thì chưa được biết bao giờ. Mà người ta muốn cãi, cậu không cãi, cứ nói chuyện bình thường, thì có vấn đề gì nào? Ai làm gì được cậu đâu? Phỏng ạ!
Đúng là tớ xem ảnh thì nó toàn ''ngỏng lên'' , hay là hướng lên trên. Cậu có ảnh hay link cho thấy nó chúc xuống thì cho tớ xem với.
Chứ còn chuyện F-111 với lại lắc chảo thì thôi, cho thông qua luôn.

Tìm mãi mới được một cái ảnh thần tượng của các đồng chí mô tả việc này.
Cấu trúc mũi này cực kỳ tồi tệ về kích thước radar, nên đến năm 2007 F-15 và F-18 mới thoát cái nạn lắc chảo. F-22 thiết kế mũi hoàn toàn khác.
MiG-25/31 tuy rằng không ném bom bổ nhào được, nhưng có đường kính antena 1,1 mét (cổ) và 1,4 mét (trung đại). F-18 là 0,5 mét. F-16 cũng vậy những AESA được mở rộng sang hai bên, đây là thiết kế tiên tiến nhất của phương tây, nhưng bị Hải Quân Mỹ vứt xó.
Radar mảng pha MiG-25 đi vào trang bị 1968, thay thế TU-128 trong không chiến tầm xa. Radar MiG-31 khoảng những năm cuối 1970, trước đó nó dùng radar MiG-25.
Đời cổ MiG-31 oánh mục tiêu 20m2 ở 300km, scan cũng vùng đó, track và scan như nhau do vướng đất. Nó đánh được tầm xa mà không vướng đất do đạn bay vọt lên cao rồi bổ xuống tránh lồi độ cong quả đất. Không có đạn bổ nhào như thế thì tầm oánh hạ xuống 180km.
Mục tiêu máy bay chiến đấu (5m2) scan 120km, oánh 90km.
Mục tiêu tàng hình mạnh 0,3m2 oánh và scan 65km, quá thừa để chế thắng F-22. (F-22 nếu khiêm tốn thì 0,5m2-nhưng thực chất đến vài m2). Đây là đánh trực tiếp khả năng trúng cao bằng tần số cao 9GHz, không cần kỹ thuật nhảy tần hay tấn số thấp chống tàng hình.
Đời trung đại 1,4 mét không được dùng do máy bay không được sản xuất. Sau đó, được thay bằng kiểu khác. Kiểu mới này được bổ sung sức mạnh từ các cảm biết radio đặt xa radar, đầu mút cánh, đuôi. Nó cho phép định vị từ bước sóng rất dài, hàng mét với radar máy bay chến đấu trên không, cho phép phát hiện tàng hình tầm rất xa.
Kiểu mảng pha antena cố định dùng được kỹ thuật bám từ quét, track from scan, track with scan TWS. Để quét tầm xa thì điều này hơn chán vạn AESA, khi AESA phải thực hiện hàng vạn xung để tìm thì MiG chỉ quét một lượt. Nhược điểm của kiểu này là công suất phát rất mạnh. Kiểu này Mỹ chỉ thực hiện được trên các radar lớn như của Patriot hay EAGIS. Điểm khác biệt kiểu này với lắc chảo vật lý hay lắc chảo logic (AESA) là nó phát hiện và theo dõi nhiều mục tiêu ngay trong một chùm lớn.
Kiểu mạng pha antena có định có lợi điểm là mục tiêu mà Mỹ đặt niềm tin vào AESA: trạng thái rắn, solid state.
Mũi thì to, não thì bé đây.

Cám ơn nhiều nhé!
Nhưng mà tớ vẫn còn thắc mắc. Thông cảm tẹo.
Cái hình này giống cái hình bác Gulfoil đã post ở mấy trang trước. Nguyên hình bác Gulfoil post còn bao gồm cả hình cái cục radar riêng, mà phần trên của phần sau cái radar đấy vẫn còn ở phía dưới, bên phải hình của cậu.
Kể cả trong cái hình này của cậu thì cái mặt radar vẫn cứ hướng lên trên, chưa nói tới chuyện úp xuống dưới 15 độ. So mặt radar với chiều dọc của mấy cái nếp trên cái cục phía sau mặt radar ý. Xem lại hình của bác Gulfoil để so thì cũng thế.
Không phải tớ nhiều chuyện đâu nhé. Chẳng qua vẫn còn thắc mắc chút xíu. Thanks.

Northrop Grumman gets contract for 514 APG-68(V)9 radars
December 10, 2007 (by Lieven Dewitte) - Northrop Grumman Systems received a $730 million contract for covering up to 514 AN/APG-68(V)9 radar systems.
These mechanically-scanned array radars have become standard in the latest F-16C/D aircraft and represent significant advances over previous models. In comparison with previous APG-68 radars, the v9 model offers improved detection range and resolution in both air-air and air-ground modes.
Only the block 60 aircraft, destined for the UAE, are to be equipped with a more advanced version â?" the Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar.
Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) technology processors allow 5x faster processing speed and 10x memory capacity, along with high resistance to interference or countermeasures and future growth potential.
In air-air mode, the APG-68V9 offers 30% longer detection ranges and can search in a larger volume while tracking up to four targets.
In air-ground mode, its synthetic-aperture radar mode generates high-resolution pictures and mapping with resolution under 1 meter, comparable to military imaging satellites.
Enhanced Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI) functionality and an inertial measurement unit complement its SAR capabilities with improved tracking performance and auto-boresight capability and its increased detection range even functions amidst the inevitable clutter that accompanies sea surveillance mode.
The first delivery order under the contract covers 30 radar systems for the government of Turkey, which will be accomplished under the firm-fixed-price portion of the contract and obligate $36 million. Turkey has a $1.8 billion program underway to acquire 30 more F-16C/D aircraft.
Northrop Grumman to provide Hellenic Air Force F-16 fleet with Advanced Capability Fire Control Radar System
March 2, 2006 (by Lieven Dewitte) - Northrop Grumman Corporation has been awarded a $63.9 million contract to provide AN/APG-68(V)9 airborne radars for F-16 block 52+ aircraft for the Hellenic Air Force.
Northrop Grumman has a direct contract with the United States Air Force for this procurement, which is being managed by the Air Force Materiel Command, located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Delivery of the first of 33 radar systems, which includes three spares, will commence in 2007. The contract also includes an option to provide radars for an ad***ional 10 aircraft.
The AN/APG-68(V)9 radar is an advanced capability system that seven foreign countries have purchased as standard equipment on new F-16s or as upgrade kits for their existing F-16 fleets. To date, Northrop Grumman has delivered more than 250 AN/APG-68(V)9 radars.
"This system delivers greatly improved operational capability -- essentially providing for all-weather, day and night, air-to-ground attack," said Katie A. Gray, vice president of F-16 sensor systems at Northrop Grumman''s Electronic Systems sector. "The Hellenic Air Force was one of the first customers for this system, and this is their second major order for the AN/APG-68(V)9 radar. They have been operating block 52+ F-16s for three years and have developed enhanced mission profiles that are enabled by the improved performance of the radar."
The AN/APG-68(V)9 ad***ionally offers a 33 percent increase in air-to-air detection range over earlier versions of the radar and introduces synthetic aperture radar, which provides high-resolution ground mapping. When combined with other weapon-system improvements, it enables F-16s with autonomous 24-hour, all-weather precision-strike capability. The AN/APG-68(V)9 is also available as an easily-installed upgrade kit for existing F-16 aircraft.

APG-68(V)9 radars ​

Có bài tổng kêt vui đây.
Gambling on ''must have'' assets: the purchase of a new manned fighter now involves commitment for a 30-to 50-year period, during which today''s stealth could prove useless, stovl performance might become essential and unmanned combat aircraft may prove entirely feasible
A full-scale analysis would probably claim all the pages of this issue (and certainly more), as today a fighter aircraft''s value can only be fully appreciated if one also considers the systems and weapons it is cleared to carry. In ad***ion, true competitiveness on the market is severely warped by export restrictions and political considerations. Thus, in the following survey, only the major options in this high-stakes gamble are reviewed by region of manufacture.
China
The Chengdu J-7 flown by the Plaaf (People''s Liberation Army Air Force) is an improved MiG-21 and has been exported to 17 countries under the designation F-7. The latest known production version is the 9.1-tonne J-7E/F-7MG, with a double-delta wing, 65-kN Liyang WP13F engine and a maximum speed of Mach 2.0. Deliveries took place in 2006 to Pakistan (designation F-7PG), Nigeria (F-7NI) and Bangladesh (F-7BG).
The Chengdu JF-17 is a 50:50 joint development with the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (Pac). Basically a scaled-up MiG-21 with BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier-style leading edge root extensions and Lockheed Martin F-35-style Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI), the JF-17 is powered by an 80-kN Klimov RD-93 engine. Following four engines provided for FC-1 prototype flight trials, a batch of 15 RD-93s was delivered by Klimov in December 2006, and series production units are being supplied by Chernyshev. The 12.7-tonne JF-17 has a maximum speed of Mach 1.6.
The JF-17 flew in August 2003, and in March 2007 deliveries began to the Pakistan Air Force, which may purchase up to 250. Production by Pac is scheduled to begin by the end of 2007. India has objected to Russia supplying RD-93s for Pakistani aircraft, but the sale of 150 to China has been authorised by Putin.
The Chengdu J-10 was evidently designed for air-to-air roles, having a fixed-wedge two-shock intake, suggesting Mach 2.0 ambitions. It has a 130-kN Lyulka Saturn AL-31F series engine and a gross weight in the 20-tonne class. The J-10S is a two-seat trainer version.
The J-10 first flew in March 1998, and production deliveries began in 2005. Taiwan''s defence ministry stated in January 2007 that it believed around 60 J-10s were in service with the Plaaf. In May, China contracted with Rosoboronexport for 100 AL-31FN engines for J-10s. Pakistan is planning to buy 36 J-10s (designated FC-20), subject to Russian government approval for the supply of engines. As a fallback, China is developing the Liming WS10A Taihang engine, which is due to fly in a J-10 by year-end.
China''s J-11A is the Shenyang-built Su-27MK/SMK. Sukhoi may be assisting in design of the fifth-generation twin-engined Shenyang J-12, a rival for the Chengdu J-13. The latter is sometimes linked to the MiG Project 1.44, a 35-tonne Mach 2.6 technology demonstrator that first flew in 2000, powered by two 176 kN Lyulka Saturn AL-41Fs.
Western Europe
The 14-tonne Saab Gripen is equipped with an 80-kN Volvo Aero RM12 developed from GE''s F404. Sweden has ordered 204 JAS39s, with the final delivery due before the end of 2007. The in-service number may be reduced to 100, including 31 upgraded JAS39A/Bs, modified for Nato-compatibility in peace-support operations. Planned SwAF upgrades include in-flight refuelling capability, a ''missionised'' rear ****pit for the JAS39D, and further development of the Ericsson PS-05/A radar.
In 2005 the Czech Republic took delivery of 14 Gripens under a ten-year government-to-government leasing arrangement that allows for 21,000 flight hours (150 hr/yr per aircraft). By the end of 2007 Hungary will have received an equal batch under a similar lease. The only export sale to date is of 28 Gripens (19 single-seaters and nine two-seaters) to South Africa. Deliveries to the SAAF are scheduled to begin in March 2008 and be completed in 2012.
Saab recently revealed a proposal to the Swedish Government to develop a two-seat Gripen demonstrator, to be powered by a 96-kN GE F414G engine and with 40% more internal fuel capacity. First flight is scheduled for 2008. This ''Future Gripen'' evidently forms the basis of marketing in Denmark and Norway, where the Gripen is competing with the much larger F-35. It is also proposed to modify 31 Swedish Air Force JAS39A/Bs to this standard.
The 24.7-tonne, Mach 1.8 multi-role Dassault Rafale, equipped with two 75-kN Snecma M88-2E4 engines, was the second of the new European fighters to enter service, but the first to see operational use. Deliveries of the Rafale to F2 standard began in 2005 for the French Air Force (one year after the first F1 was received by the Navy''s Flotille 12F), and the first unit (EC1/7 ''Provence'') reached operational capability at St Dizier in September 2006. In March 2007 Rafale F2s from both services were deployed to Dushanbe in Tajikistan for missions over Afghanistan.
Unlike the preceding Rafale F1, the F2 has some air-to-ground capability. It has been cleared to use the 277-kg GBU-12/22 Paveway II/III, although currently it relies on another aircraft (Dassault Mirage 2000 or Super Etendard) for laser designation of the target.
The Sagem Aasm missile will also be cleared on the Rafale F2, followed by the MBDA Scalp-EG cruise missile. The Thales Damocles targeting pod will not be available on the Rafale until 2009.
The Rafale F3, scheduled to enter service in 2008, will introduce the Thales Reco-NG reconnaissance pod, and the MBDA AM39 Exocet anti-ship and ASMP-A nuclear strike missiles. There is talk of a domestic ''post-F3'' version for around 2015, with Aesa radar, a new front-sector optronic (FSO) suite and the 1050-kg GBU-24 Paveway III, but details have not been finalised.
The French Air Force plans to acquire a total of 234 Rafales, and the French Navy 60, with deliveries up to 2023. Orders currently stand at 120, but Dassault hopes to receive an order for a further domestic tranche by early 2009, with deliveries to begin in 2012.
There are predictions that Morocco will be the first export customer, and that Greece (having earlier chosen the Typhoon) may now select the Rafale. India (having been a good customer for the Mirage 2000) could follow suit. Likewise, Brazil''s five-year lease of a dozen ex-French Air Force Mirage 2000C/Bs may augur well for the Rafale. It may be noted that Dassault is still producing the Mirage 2000-5 Mk 2 for Greece and the 2000-9 for the United Arab Emirates.
The 23-tonne Eurofighter Typhoon has more design emphasis on air-to-air roles, in which it probably has a higher thrust/weight ratio, being powered by two 90-kN Eurojet EJ200 engines. Based on a projected 620-aircraft programme for Britain, Germany, Italy and Spain, the Typhoon has around three times the production rate of the Rafale, although final assembly is shared between four lines at Alenia Aeronautica, BAE Systems, Eads-Casa and Eads-Deutschland.
The first two Typhoon production tranches (covering 148 and 254 aircraft) are contracted for, and the third (for 236) is scheduled for signature in 2009. The second tranche was to include an order for 18 for the Austrian Air Force, but this has now been renegotiated as nine new-build Tranche One/Block Fives and six refurbished, low-time, ex-German Air Force aircraft. There are hopes that Saudi Arabia will order 48 Typhoons with an option on 24 more, provided it can be linked to the supply of MBDA Storm Shadow cruise missiles.
Some RAF Tranche One, Block Five Typhoon F2s are being cleared for use of the Mauser BK27 cannon, the Rafael Litening III targeting pod and 445-kg Raytheon Enhanced Paveway II bombs, with a view to deployment to Kandahar (Afghanistan) in July 2008.
Future Typhoon weapon clearance plans include the Storm Shadow and the Taurus KEPD350 in 2012 followed by the MBDA Meteor air-to-air missile in 2013. The full Tranche Three aircraft complement would provide deliveries from 2012 to 2018, with clearance for a range of guided bombs and new glide weapons, and equipment that includes an Aesa development of the EuroRadar Captor.
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Russia
There are currently around 1600 MiG-29s in service in 29 countries. However, in the 1990s RAC-MiG won few orders, because of the original MiG-29''s shortcomings and the availability of pre-used aircraft from Belarus and the Ukraine. The most significant sale in this period was the Malaysian order for 16 MiG-29N/UBs, which broke into a tra***ional ''Western'' market and added in-flight refuelling.
The 22-tonne, Mach 2.26 MiG-29SMT introduced a modernised ****pit and avionics (including the Phazotron Zhuk-ME radar), and air-to-ground missile clearances. The MiG-29SM is a low-budget retrofit for multi-role capability. The Russian Air Force plans to upgrade 200 earlier models to MiG-29SMT standard (RAC-MiG has orders for 600 similar upgrades from Serbia and several former Soviet countries). Yemen has 20 MiG-29SMTs while Algeria has ordered 34 (including six two-seaters) with an option on up to 20 more. Libya is expected to soon order twelve. The MiG-29SD is an upgrade for East European countries, introducing BAE Systems and Rockwell Collins avionics for Nato compatibility
Another important step was the Indian Navy''s order for an initial 16 (of a planned 46) carrier-based 24.5-tonne MiG-29K/KUBs with enlarged wings and 88.3-kN Klimov RD-33 Series 3MK engines. This led to the land-based 22.4/23.7-tonne MiG-29M/M2. The sixth prototype MiG-29M became the MiG-29M OVT thrust-vectoring developmental aircraft. This has been the star of recent international air shows, and may well trigger orders for the MiG-35 production version, currently on offer to India.
The MiG-35 has increased internal fuel capacity, an Aesa version of the Zhuk radar, an advanced optronic system, reduced radar signature, lengthened airframe and engine lives and (reportedly) provisions for the 1770 kg Novator 3M-14AE land attack cruise missile. Thrust-vectoring nozzles are optional.
The upper end of the Russian fighter performance spectrum is still represented by the all-steel MiG-31, which was designed to cruise at Mach 2.34 and was last built in 1994. Some Russian MiG-31s are being upgraded to MiG-31BM standard with NIIP Zaslon-M Aesa radar and Vympel R-37 air-to-air missiles. Eight refurbished and modernised MiG-31s are being delivered to Syria, reportedly under Iranian funding.
Sukhoi was considerably more successful than RAC-MiG in the 1990s, delivering over 350 fighters. The 34.5-tonne, Irkut-built Su-30MK was the first supersonic fighter series to introduce thrust vectoring, using 123-kN Lyulka Saturn AL-31FPs. India bought 18 Su-30Ks (which have recently been traded in against 18 ad***ional Su-30MKIs) and 32 Su-30MKIs, prior to 140 Su-30MKIs being built under licence by Hindustan Aeronautics. This version will eventually carry the Brahmos cruise missile.
China is believed to have purchased 36 Su-27SKs, 76 Komsomolsk-built Su-30MKKs, 40 Su-27UBKs and (for naval aviation) 28 Su-30MK2s. Shenyang is building 200 Su-27SK/SKMs under licence as the J-11A.
Russia still has over 350 Su-27Ss, of which the latest was built in 1992. It is hoped to upgrade 200 to the 30.45-tonne multi-role Su-27SM standard. Knaapo had delivered the first 24 Su-27SMs by the end of 2006. Russia also has around 24 navalised Su-27K/Su-33s (built in Komsomolsk-on-Amur) for the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov. China has bought two Su-33s for trial purposes, with an option on a dozen more. The Su-27KUB naval training aircraft, employing the front fuselage of the Su-34, is still in development.
The Su-27 remains a viable interceptor. The Mexican Navy is about to confirm an order for 8, and Indonesia (having received two Su-27SKs and two multi-role Su-30MKs) plans eventually to have 24 of each to form four squadrons.
The Su-30MK continues to sell, with 28 Su-30MKAs ordered for Algeria, 18 Su-30MKMs for Malaysia, 28 Su-30MK2s for Venezuela and an initial four (plus eight optioned) Su-30MK2s for Vietnam. Algeria is expected to sign for twelve Su-30MK2s in the near future.
Illustrating a hardening of the market, Irkut percentage profits have fallen. Indonesia has ordered eight Su-30MKs in a barter deal and Thailand is considering a barter for six. The Malaysian deal includes the establishment of a regional maintenance centre for Russian-built aircraft.
Following trials with eight Su-27IB/Su-32 prototypes, 24 production examples of the Novosibirsk-built Su-34 maritime strike fighter (with side-by-side seating) have been ordered by the Russian Air Force to replace the Su-24. The first two Su-34s were delivered in December 2006. The service hopes to reach operational capability with the first 18 in 2010, and have 57 by 2015.
A further development of the Su-27/30 series is due to appear in prototype form (T-10BM) at Maks 2007 and fly by the end of the year. Featuring reduced radar signature and powered by 145 kN-class Salyut-built AL-31F-M2/3s or Saturn AL-41Fs (manufacturer''s designation Type 117S), this is intended to lead to the Su-27SM2 to bridge the gap to the fifth-generation Pak-FA (Sukhoi T-10) for the Russian Air Force, and the Su-35 for China and other export customers. It will carry a new generation of long-range air-to-air and anti-ship missiles.
The first prototype Pak-FA is scheduled to fly in 2008, followed by a production-representative aircraft with new 155-kN engines in 2012, leading to service entry in 2015.
United States
The Lockheed Martin F-16 has set the standard in fighter sales, with over 4300 delivered from five assembly lines to 24 services. Powered by 143-kN General Electric F110-GE-132s, the 22.7-tonne F-16E/F Block 60 for the United Arab Emirates introduced conformal tanks, which are also used on the F-16I for Israel and the Block 50-Plus F-16C/D for Greece and Chile. Recent deliveries include the Advanced Block 50 for Oman (twelve aircraft) and the Block 52-Plus for Poland (48) and Greece (30). Pakistan''s order for 36 F-16C/Ds is expected to keep the Fort Worth line open until 2009, and Turkey''s 30 Advanced Block 50s will keep Tusas busy until 2012 (following the 200-plus already delivered).
Lockheed Martin is studying an ''F-16NG'' to bridge the gap for some late F-35 customers, using technology from the F-22 and F-35. A switch to the larger wing of the Mitsubishi F-2 derivative would appear advisable.
The 36.7-tonne, Mach 2.5 Boeing F-15E is probably the best Western strike fighter available today. The United States has 217 (along with 178 F-15Cs), Saudi Arabia 70 (F-15S) and Israel 25 (F-15I). South Korea has ordered 40 F-15Ks and a contract for a further 20 is expected to be signed in early 2008. Singapore has ordered twelve F-15SGs with an option on a further eight. Like the F-15K, the F-15SG will have 131 kN F110-GE-129 engines.
Boeing is proposing to the US Air Force a further development, the F-15E+ Super Eagle with an Aesa radar, to serve as a heavy-load carrier to complement the stealthy F-22 and F-35. Given a go-ahead in 2009, deliveries of the F-15E+ could begin in 2012, compensating for delays in the F-35 programme.
The 30.2-tonne Mach 1.6 Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, powered by 98-kN General Electric F414s, is currently being produced for the US Navy under a second five-year programme. This includes the EA-18G Growler electronic attack aircraft, and derivers 42 aircraft annually. Over 300 Super Hornets have been delivered. The first Block II with Northrop Grumman APG-79 Aesa radar will deploy with the Navy''s VFA-213 squadron in 2008.
Boeing has recently offered *****pply the US Navy with 170 F/A-18E/Fs between 2010 and 2013 at a unit flyaway price of $ 49.9 million. The US Navy currently plans to buy a total of 460 Super Hornets (which would be increased by 80 under this proposal) and 90 Growlers. In May 2007 Australia ordered 24 F/A-18Fs as an interim strike force.
Supported by Australia, Canada, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Turkey and the UK, America''s 26-tonne Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II arguably remains the only affordable Western stealth fighter in prospect, although there is concern over rising costs. Italy is funding its final assembly line, which will also produce the. Dutch aircraft. The F-35 is powered by a single 180-kN-class Pratt & Whitney F135.
The Pentagon has quoted an average unit production cost of $ 47 million for the least costly (F-35A) version in FY02 values. However, a General Accounting Office report (GAO-07-406SP) refers to an R&D cost of $ 44.8 billion in FY07 terms, and procurement expen***ure of $178.8 billion for 2458 aircraft, suggesting an average production cost (all models) of $ 72.7 million and a programme unit cost of $ 91 million.
The projected production numbers are currently 2443 for the US, 138 for the United Kingdom, 131 for Italy, 100 each for Australia and Turkey, 85 for the Netherlands, 80 for Canada, and 48 each for Denmark and Norway, giving a total of 3173. However, some of these countries may switch to the Gripen or Typhoon, while others (such as Israel, Japan and South Korea) may buy the F-35.
The first example of the US Air Force F-35A (AA-1) flew in December 2006. It is scheduled to be joined in flight trials by the first Marine Corps F-35B Vstol aircraft in mid-2008 and the first big-wing US Navy F-35C in mid-2009. The Marine Corps plans to have one squadron operational by 2012, with the Air Force and the Navy following one year later.
The 36.6-tonne Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor is the most advanced in-service air combat fighter, combining all-aspect stealth with supercruise capability, thrust-vectoring and the fusion of data from on-board and off-board sensors. Powered by 155-kN Pratt & Whitney F135s, it entered US Air Force service in December 2005.
The current FY06 Lot Six 23-aircraft order takes the firm order total to 131 (including nine developmental and eight production-representative test aircraft), and over 100 of these have already been completed. The service currently plans to buy 183 F-22s, while maintaining a long-term target of 381.
The 20 F-22As in the Air Force FY08 budget request will cost $ 3.861 billion, indicating a unit price of approximately $193 million with spares.
Miscellany
By the time other nations emerge as exporters of fighters, the demand may well have moved to unmanned combat aircraft. Mitusbishi is producing at least 94 F-16-derived F-2s for the domestic market, but this programme appears to be viewed as useful background for manufacturing composite wing-boxes for the Being 787, rather than for developing a fifth-generation fighter.
Taiwan''s Aerospace Industrial Development has upgraded its Indigenous Defence Fighter, which first flew in 1989 and of which 130 have been produced. Production may restart in 2008, but the type has probably missed the international market.
India''s light combat aircraft, named Tejas (Sanskrit for ''radiance'') is being developed by the Aeronautical Development Agency and produced by Hindustan Aeronautics. The first of two technology demonstrators flew in 2001, and three (of seven) prototypes have now been joined in flight trials by the first of eight limited series production aircraft. In 2006 the Indian Air Force ordered 20 Tejas'' with an option on 20 more.
Following the supply of eleven General Electric F404-GE-F2J3 engines for flight trials, 17 F404-GE-IN-20s of 85-kN thrust were ordered in 2004 and 24 more in early 2007. India''s 90-kN Gas Turbine Research Establishment GTX-35VS Kaveri is being tested in Russia on an I1-76. The Mach 1.8 Tejas is somewhat smaller and lighter than the Gripen, having a maximum weight of only 12.5 tonnes. A naval version with raised ****-pit is under development, as are two-seaters in land- and carrier-based forms.
Unless the Kaveri engine is developed, export sales of the Tejas will be subject to the availability of F404 engines, and the same applies to the 13.5-tonne Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) A-50. Beyond the A-50, KAI is considering the development of a much larger, twin-engined stealthy fighter, the KFX, to meet a domestic demand for 120 aircraft, with service entry around 2017. South Korea is planning to spend about $ 4.6 billion on R&D for the KFX between 2007 and 2018.

Đang định đưa AN/APG-80 AESA ra đa với máy bay F-16 Block60 và F-16IN lên nhưng có mấy bạn thắc mắc về Mig-31BM nên dịch qua mạng đưa lên cùng xem vậy.

MIG-31BM​

With the sharp decline in public funding, when the bulk procurement of new aircraft MiG-31M became practically impossible, in 1997, work has begun on the modernization of MiG fighter-interceptor in the Multi-31B aircraft MiG-31BM with significantly increased combat capabilities. Machine equipped armament control system, upgraded with the technical process stock gained during the implementation of the SUV "Zaslon-M". Previously aircraft of this family were classified only as long fighter interceptors, the new MiG became a multi-role carrying precision-guided weapons to attack aircraft as well as ground targets. By modernizing avionics and weapons effectiveness of the MiG-31BM compared to the MiG-31 has grown 2.6 times.
January 12, 1999, simultaneously with the display of "mysterious" MFI, "OKB-MIG" rolled out first MiG-31BM on public display.
Sadar "Zaslon-MA" NIIP refined to a level close technical level complex "Zaslon-M created for the aircraft MiG-31M. The station MiG-31BM model is able to detect air targets at almost twice as much range. Detection range air targets class "fighter" brought to 320 km and the range of their defeat - up to 280 km. During the tests demonstrated the possibility of destroying enemy aircraft missile battle in the far distance to the order of 280 km, which is currently unavailable to any foreign fighter aircraft. For comparison, the best American interceptor-Northrop Grumman F-14D "Tomcats" capable of striking air targets at ranges greater than 180 km. Airborne radar complex capable MiG-31BM simultaneously accompanied by up to 10 aerial targets, 6 of which can be simultaneously fired missiles R-33 or R-37 (the last - for the range to 280 km). An opportunity to intercept targets, flying at a speed corresponding to M = 6, the improvement of other characteristics of the complex.
The presented at the showing in Zhukovsky MiG-31BM carried on hydraulic suspension pylons conformal four missiles-type R-33S range with a radar-guided and one antiradiation missile H-31P, suspended under the left console. In ad***ion medium-range-class air-to-air modification of a new long-range missiles.Mig is equipped with the most sophisticated and now medium-range missiles RVV-AE (up to 4 units), which settled at under wing pylons. The affiliations consisting of a set of powerful missiles R-40TD (two).
Upgraded versions of the aircraft may be equipped with missiles antiradiation X-31P, X-25P or X-25MPU (up to six units), anti-ship X-31 A (up to six), "class missile air-to-surface" X-59 and X-29T ( up to three), or X-59M (up to two units), up to six bombs adjusted KAB-1500 or up to eight KAB-500 with a laser-guided or television. Maximum mass combat load is 9000 kg.
On-board equipment of MiG-31BM enables effective interaction with the air defence anti-aircraft defence systems. In ad***ion to combating air and land goals this aircraft can be used as a peculiar air command post for coordinating the actions of other types of fighter aircraft equipped with less powerful radars. Equipment MiG-31BM and provides a very "exotic" scenario strikes fighters. Thus, the interceptor can direct purpose of the air missile, launched from aircraft other fighters, with the approaching enemy missile fired at the distance mode radar silence. A number of combat situations, such tactics can greatly enhance fighter group. MiG-31 is currently the only aircraft in the world of mass-produced, are able to effectively fight hard and stealth ALCM type cruise missiles or "Tomahawk" These goals can hit it with the first call. According to Russian experts, if Iraq during Operation Desert Fox "in the winter of 1998-99 years before the MiG-31 aircraft, targets on the territory of this country would not have achieved more than 10% of American and British cruise missiles.
MiG-31BM fighters from the Centre strikes in Savostleyke, along with other aircraft, in 1998, have already taken part in scientific and tactical exercises, where during one flight, accompanied by several ups in the air, each machine coped with a number of different operational roles.
Initially, the company Mikoyan because of the small chance to get orders for this plane of the Air Force proposed its own China and India. But now, in the words of Chief of the Air Force, in the version of the MiG-31BM will be refined virtually all Russian MiG-31. Fighter aircraft of this type having unique combat capabilities, in the battle to retain order, at least until 2010.
First modernizing MiG-31 flight is already on station in Zhukovsky, which is equipped with new equipment. JSC "Russian avionics designed for him a new layout of the two booths. The main disadvantage of the old layout was the lack of information on the pilot''s tactical environment: the commander did not know what makes the navigator. Now in the front cabin on the right side dashboard installed multifunctional LCD indicator measuring 6 inches x8 (the same used on the MiG-29SMT). More significant changes undergone navigator-cab operator, which has three such indicator, which can be displayed on a wide range of information (tactical, navigation, radar, "" television pictures of attack managed sensors, etc.). The plane was also on the dashboard indicator of glass, replacing former PPI.
Navigation complex, which is equipped with upgraded MiG-31, largely unified with the MiG-29SMT (its membership includes satellite navigation receiver). As a result of finalizing the park MiG-31 fighter jets with the participation of the Russian avionics "Domestic Air Force should have virtually a new aircraft, with a wide range of strikes.
On the export version of the fighter aircraft - MiG-31FE - can be installed and integrated with the Russian weapons systems designs and manufacturing equipment western.
Characteristics:
Modification MiG-31BM
Wingspan, 13.46 m
Length, m 22.67
Height, 6.10 m
Wing area, M2 61.60
Weight, kg
Empty aircraft 21825
normal takeoff 42400
Maximum Takeoff 48200
Engine type 2 DTRD Solovyov D30F-6M
Thrust no forced, 2 16500 kN
Maximum speed km / h
at high altitude 3000 (M = 2.83)
at land 1500
The practical range km
with tank 3300
without tank 2500
Combat range, km
without tank at speeds of M 1 720
with tank at the speed with M 1 1200
with tank at speeds of M 1 1400
with refueling at a speed of one M 1 2000
The maximum rate, m / min
Ceiling, 20000 m
Crew 1
Armament: combat load - 9000 kg
One 23 ?" six-barrel mm cannon GSH-6-23 (260 rounds)
to 6 long-range R-33S, or R-37, missiles
4 medium-range R-77 or RVV-AE, missiles
2 medium-range R-40TD, missiles
3 air-to-surface X-59 and X-29T, or 2 X-59M missiles
6 anti-ship X-31 and Up to 6 antiradiation medium-range X-31P,
X-25MP or X-25MPU
to 6-correct KAB-1500 bomb or 8 KAB-500 bomb with a laser-guided or television

MIG-31BM

MIG-31BM WEAPON​

R-33 missile
Description
Developer GosMKB "Vympel"
Symbol R-33 R-33S R-33E
Adopted by the 6 1981
Type SEEKER HEAD inertial + radar semi-active
Geometric and mass characteristics
Length, m 4.25 4.15
Wingspan, 0.9 m
The magnitude of feathers, 1.18 m
Diameter, 0.38 m
Start Mass kg 491 490
BG Weight, kg 55 47
BCH-type fragmentation Blast
The power plant
Rocket Engine
Flight data
The speed, m / s (M =) (4,5)
Heights range defeat, m 25-28000
Speed goals km / h to 3700
Launch Range, km 2,5-120 160 160
R-37 misssile
The fighter-interceptor MiG-31M took off on December 21, 1985, received by the long-range R-37 missile (range launch - 280 km), conformally suspended under the fuselage of three in 2 series. The missiles, developed by MKB Vympel , was not only much better characteristics than the R-33, but also fundamentally different guidance system. To increase the maneuverability it was dynamically unstable at the last stage of the trajectory used active radar system.
New missiles are completed combination semi-active ,active radar homing head 9 B-1388 diameter of 380 mm, developed by SRI Agat. To boost phase missile guidance provided by management with inertial radio correction (its range - up to 100 km). At the final station flight has SD or semi active radar homing.
In April 1994 were successfully conducted the first test in the world for the defeat of the air targets at ranges in excess of 300 km. For comparison, the American long-range missile-class air-to-air AIM-54C Phoenix has a range greater than 160 kilometers.
Thanks to the speed and long-range R-37, its possible = goals can be ordered and hypersonic aircraft LA. Apart from MiG-31M, R-37 missiles arrive at the new weapons modification MiG-31 - MiG-31BM.
Description
The developer IBC "Vympel"
Designation of R-37
First Flight 198?
Type SEEKER HEAD inertial radio command + active radar-semi-active
Geometric and mass characteristics
Length, 4.2 m
Diameter, 0.38 m
Span, 0.7 m
Starting weight, 600 kilograms
Belarusian Railways weight 60 kg
HE-type Blast
Flight data
The speed, m / s (M =) (6)
Launch Range, 280 km
R-40 missile
Description
Developer KB "Molnia"
Designation R-40T R-40TD R-40R R-40RD
Adopted by the 1972 1980 1972 1980
Type SEEKER HEAD infrared , radar semi-active ,active
Geometric and mass characteristics
Length, m 5.93 6.322
Diameter, 0.31 m
Wingspan, 1.3 m
The magnitude of feathers, m
Start Mass kg 460 450
Warhead Mass, 38 kg
Warhead-type fragmentation Blast
The power plant
Engine TTRD P1D-134
The mass of fuel, 118 kg
Flight data
The speed, m / s (M =) (4,5-5)
Heights range defeat, m 500-30000
Maximum speed goal km / h 3500
Maximum Overload goal of 2.5 4 2.5 4
Launch Range, km 30/15 25 50 80(72)
R-33



R-37



R-40