Giới thiệu về Su-27SKM và Su-30MK2

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F/A-37 Talon
This airplane has been making the rounds for several weeks now, with folks being a bit confused as to whether it is the real deal.
On 18 June 2004 a scene for the upcoming Columbia Tri-Star movie "Stealth" was filmed on the flight deck aboard the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72). Lincoln was conducting local operations in preparation for an upcoming scheduled deployment after 10 months of dry docked Planned Incremental Availability (PIA). About 80 cast and crew members were aboard the Everett-based aircraft carrier to shoot scenes for the Columbia Pictures action film starring Josh Lucas, Jessica Biel and Sam Shepard, The $130 million film is expected to hit theaters in 2005.
According to the back story, the F/A-37 "Talon" is a Mach 3.5, super cruise stealth fighter/bomber/interceptor with a 4000nm range. Top speed is somewhere in the Mach 4+ range. The movie is premised on an artificial-intelligence program designed to fly jet aircraft and reduce human casualties. Not surprisingly, one of the AI robo-pilots runs amok when Navy officials decide to use an unmanned version of the ?oTalon?. When the plane begins attacking friendly forces, Navy pilots are called in to save the planet from artificial intelligence.

Lại nói về Su-27/30 dòng TQ
1- Các loại máy bay
2-Các loại vú khí
Su-27SK/UBK Fighter Aircraft
The Sukhoi Su-27 (NATO codename: Flanker) is the twin-engine front-line fighter aircraft designed by the Russian Sukhoi Design Bureau and manufactured by Komsomolsk-na-Amur based KnAAPO (Su-27SK) and Irkusk-based IAPO (Su-27UBK). The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) has acquired three batches of 76 Su-27 fighters from Russia since 1992. The aircraft is also built under license at Shenyang Aircraft Industry Co. (SAC) as the Jian-11 (J-11).


PROGRAMME
High-level negotiations between China and the Soviet Union over a possible fighter deal began in 1990. Soviet pilots demonstrated Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum and Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker fighters in Beijing in March 1991. After careful evaluations between the two aircraft, Beijing signed the contract of 26 Su-27 fighters in 1991. By 1992, Russia delivered 26 aircraft to the PLAAF, including 20 single-seat Su-27SK (Flanker-B) built by KnAAPO in Komsomolsk-na-Amur and 6 two-seat Su-27UBK (Flanker-C) built by IAPO in Irkusk. These aircraft were initially organised into an aviation regiment organic to the PLAAF 3rd Aviation Division based at Wuhu AFB, Anhui Province, but were later re-deployed to other locations after the regiment received the Su-30MKK in 2001.
After showing interest in 1993 in buying a second batch of the Su-27, China ordered 22 of the fighters (16 Su-27SKs and 6 Su-27UBKs) in 1995 in a deal worth about US$710 million. In reporting to the U.N., both China and Russia confirmed that the transfer of 22 aircraft took place in 1996. A Russian source noted that China requested special modifications for its aircraft, which included strengthened landing gear to enable the aircraft to carry its designed fuel load and enable its intended 1,400km combat radius. These aircraft are operated by an aviation regiment organic to the PLAAF 2nd Aviation Division based on Suixi AFB, Guangdong Province.
The Su-27 is the first PLAAF fighter aircraft capable of competing with modern Western fighters. In close ?~dog fight?T air combat, the Su-27 can outperform the U.S. F-15C Eagle, a point twice demonstrated in friendly Russia-U.S. mock air combats. The PLAAF Su-27s were first demonstrated to the public during the 1996 joint exercise to intimidate Taiwan, when China Central Television broadcasted images of PLAAF Su-27s flying in four-plane formation and attacking ground targets with unguided bombs and rockets. Later in the summer of 1999, Suixi-based Su-27s also flew round-trip missions over the Taiwan Strait during the PLA joint exercises.
The limitations of the Su-27, however, soon became apparent to the PLAAF. As a single mission air superiority fighter, it could only perform secondary attack missions, and only with ?odumb? munitions that include a range of free-fall bombs and unguided rockets. Using such munitions in combat unnecessarily exposes the expensive fighter to enemy air defence systems. This later led to the decision to purchase the multirole Su-30MKK.
SU-27UBK FIGHTER-TRAINER
As the license-built single-seat J-11 fighter began to join the service in the late 1990s, the shortage of comparable training aircraft in the PLAAF started to emerge. As a supplement to the existing 14 Su-27UBK (Flanker-C) fighter-trainer acquired in the first two Su-27 purchases, the PLAAF ordered 28 more Su-27UBKs in its third Su-27 purchase in 1999 and received them in 2002. They are deployed by an aviation regiment organic to the PLAAF 33rd Aviation Division based at Baiduo AFB, Chongqing
All Su-27UBKs in the PLAAF are fully combat-capable, though with minor differences in performance to the Su-27SK. The PLAAF has also obtained at least two Su-27 simulators for pilot training.
VARIANTS
Type IOC Inventory Descriptions
Su-27SK 1992 36 Basic variant single-seat fighter
Su-27UBK 1992 40 Two-seat fighter-trainer
J-11 2000 90+ Chinese licensed copy of the Su-27SK
DESIGN
The Su-27SK is a highly integrated twin-finned aircraft. The airframe is constructed of titanium and high-strength aluminum alloys. The engine nacelles are fitted with trouser fairing to provide a continuous streamlined profile between the nacelles and the tail beams. The fins and horizontal tail consoles are attached to tail beams. The central beam section between the engine nacelles consists of the equipment compartment, fuel tank and the brake parachute container. The fuselage head is of semi-monocoque construction and includes the ****pit, radar compartments and the avionics bay.
Each engine has two air intakes: a primary wedge intake and a louvred auxiliary air intake. The twin-shaft, turbo-fan engine has after-turbine flow mixing, a common afterburner, an all-mode variable area jet exhaust nozzle, an independent start and a main electronic control, and a reserve hydromechanical engine mode control system. The high-temperature sections of the engines are made of titanium alloy.
WEAPONS
A 30 mm GSh-301 cannon is fitted internally with 150 rounds of ammunition. 10 hardpoints (4 under fuselage, 4 under wings, and 2 on wingtips) are available to carry payload of up to 8,000 kg.
Individual role fits:
Air-to-Air:
6 R-27R1 (AA-10A Alamo-A) MRAAMs + 4 R-73E (AA-11 Archer) SRAAMs
6 R-27R1 (AA-10A Alamo-A) MRAAMs + 2 R-73E (AA-11 Archer) SRAAMs + 2 wingtip ECM pods
Air Interdiction (AI): 2 R-73E (AA-11 Archer) SRAAMs + mixture of 250/500 kg bombs and S-8KO 20-tube 80 mm unguided rockets
SENSORS
The Su-27''''s infrared search and track system, laser rangefinder, radar, and helmet-mounted target designator provide detection, tracking and attack capability.
The aircraft is equipped with a NIIP Tikhomirov N001E Myech coherent pulse Doppler radar with track-while-scan and look-down/shoot-down capability. The radar has a maximum search range of 240km, and a target engagment range of 80~100km in the forward hemisphere and 40km in the rear hemisphere. The radar has the capacity to search, detect and track up to ten targets with automatic threat assessment and proritisation.
The aircraft has an OEPS-27 electro-optic system, which includes an infrared search-and-track (IRST) sensor collimated with a laser rangefinder. The range of the electro-optical system is 40~100 km, depending on the aspect angle presented by the target.
For better close air combat performance, the pilot is assisted by a RLPK-27 holmet-mounted sight (HMS).
COUNTERMEASURES
The Su-27SK is equipped with a new electronic countermeasures suite for individual aircraft, and for mutual and group protection in the forward and rear hemispheres. The countermeasures system includes a pilot illumination radar warning receiver, chaff and infrared decoy dispensers, and an active multi-mode jammer located in the wingtip pods.
POWERPLANT
The Su-27 is powered by two Lyulka Engine Design Bureau (NPO Saturn) AL-31F turbofan engines. Each engine is rated at 17,857 lb (79.43 kN) dry and 27,557 lb st (122.58 kN) with afterburning. The Su-27s in service with the PLAAF only use internal fuel tank and do not carry any auxiliary tanks.
SPECIFICATIONS
Crew: 1 (Su-27SK), 2 (Su-27UBK)
Dimensions: Wingspan 14.7m; Length 21.94m; Height 6.36m
Weight: Normal take-off 22,500kg; Max take-off 33,000kg
Powerplant: Two Lyulka Saturn AL-31F turbofans,
Max Speed: Mach 2.35
Range: Ferry range 4,000km. Combat radius 1,500km (with internal tanks only)
Service Ceiling: 19,850m
Max Climb Rate: 18,300m/min (sea level)
G Limit: -3 to +9
J-11 AIR SUPERIORITY FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
The Shenyang Jian-11 (J-11) is a Chinese licensed copy of the Russian Sukhoi Su-27SK single-seat fighter aircraft. Under the 1996 agreement between Shenyang Aircraft Industry Company (SAC) and Sukhoi, China would build 200 J-11/Su-27SK fighters, initially using Russian supplied kits and later with greater indigenous contents. China is also seeking to upgrade the J-11 with better avionics and weapon suites, and is currently developing a new turbofan engine and fire-control radar for aircraft. About 90~100 J-11s had been reportedly made by 2004.


PROGRAMME
As agreed in principle in 1995, Russia agreed to allow China?Ts Shenyang Aircraft Industry Company (SAC) in Shenyang, Liaoning Province to co-produce as many as 200 Su-27SK single-seat fighters under license worth US$2.5 billion. The production initially consisted of assembly from KnAAPO supplied kits, but later leading to full production in China. Three years after the contract was signed, the first Chinese-assembled Su-27SK, which is designated J-11 by the PLAAF, rolled out at SAC. The production of the J-11 was reportedly delayed due to serious quality problems at the early stage, but the production had reached an impressive rate by late 2002. Russian sources confirmed that about 48 aircraft had been assembled by 2002, and another 48 between 2002 and 2003.
In late 2000 a high SAC official noted that not all 200 Su-27s might be built and there has been speculations that production would shift to a more modern design later. In mid-2002 SAC revealed its intention to build upgraded multirole version of the J-11 by revealing a mock-up armed with Kh-31P anti-radiation missiles (ARMs) and R-77 AAMs. The mock-up had the number ?o2001?, perhaps implying that was the year Sukhoi and Shenyang agreed to the upgrade. There appear to be two paths for these upgrades. The first follows the China-funded upgrade programme that Sukhoi is now marketing for other customers. This would give J-11s made before and after 2002 a progressively better radar and attack avionics suite *****pport advanced anti-air, ground attack and naval attack weapons.
J-11B
It also appears that the PLAAF may have more ambitious plans for the J-11. In mid-2002 Russian sources indicated Shenyang was also pursuing another multirole version of the J-11 (possibly designated J-11B) with much higher Chinese-made content. In particular SAC wishes to replace the Tikomirov NIIP N001 radar with a Chinese equivalent model Shedian-10, and the Lyulka-Saturn AL-31F engines with a local version Woshan-10A (WS-10A). The new J-11 version is also expected to be armed with Chinese indigenous weapons, including the PL-12 (SD-10) active radar-homing medium-range air-to-air missile and very likely, a new SRAAM in development, plus a range of ground attack munitions. It may take another ten years for SAC to fully indigenise the J-11. Once the design matures, SAC is likely going to market the fighter for export customers.
J-11C
Should the development of the J-11B prove a success, it would be a good candidate (J-11C?) for the PLA Navy?Ts first carrier-borne fighter. In contrast to the Chengdu J-10, which is also identified as a candidate fighter for a future PLA Navy carrier, the J-11/Su-27?Ts capability to take off and land on aircraft carrier has been proven by the Sukhoi Su-33, the Russian navy version of the Su-27. A J-11 with higher thrust WS-10A engines might be able to handle the Russian-style ski-jump taking-off. And as it built the Russian Navy?Ts Su-33s, KnAAPO would be a ready source for potential carrier-related modifications for the J-11.
WEAPONS
As well as Russian-made air-to-air and air-to-surface weapons, the future upgraded J-11 may also be able to launch Chinese indigenous weapons such as PL-12 (SD-10) active radar MRAAM, PL-8 SRAAM, YJ-91 anti-radiation/anti-ship missile, and various guided bombs.
POWERPLANT
China has been developing the indigenous WS-10A turbofan engine since the late 1990s, but is said to have encountered numerous technical difficulties. A WS-10A was seen fitted on a J-11 in 2002 for aerial tests. The WS-10A is said to have less thrust than the Russian AL-31F. This would result in the J-11 being less manoeuvrable than the original Su-27SK.
Được gulfoil sửa chữa / chuyển vào 19:44 ngày 29/07/2005

Su-30MKK/MK2 Multirole Fighter Aircraft
The Sukhoi Su-30MKK (NATO codename: Flanker) is the two-seat multirole fighter aircraft developed from the Su-27. The aircraft was developed by Russian Sukhoi Design Bureau and built by KnAAPO in Komsomolsk-na-Amur. The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) acquired two batches of 76 Su-30MKKs between 2000 and 2003. The third batch, which consisted of 24 examples of the upgraded Su-30MK2 variant, was delivered to the PLA Naval Air Force (PLANAF) in August 2004. The Su-30MKK series is the most capable multirole fighter aircraft of the PLA. Sukhoi is also developing a further upgraded variant Su-30MK3 for China.




PROGRAMME
Negotiations between China and Russia over the purchase of the Su-30MK multirole fighter began in 1996, with an initial deal of 38 aircraft valued at about US$2 billion signed in August 1999. The variant specially configured according to the requirements of the PLAAF was designated Su-30MKK (Mnogafunctunali Kommercial Kitayski?"Multifunctional Commercial for China). In December 2000 the PLAAF 3rd Aviation Division based at Wuhu AFB, Anhui Province received the first batch of 10 aircraft from KnAAPO, with the rest delivered by the end of 2001. A second batch of 38 more aircraft was ordered in the July 2001 China-Russia leader summit meeting, and these aircraft were delivered in 2003. They are operated by the PLAAF 18th Aviation Division based at Changsha AFB, Hunan Province.
A development of the Su-27 air superiority fighter, the two-seat Su-30MKK strike fighter made its maiden flight in 1993. It is the first PLAAF fighter aircraft with true ?~multirolê?T capability. Comparing to the single-mission Su-27, the Su-30MKK can deliver a range of Russian-made precision guided air-to-ground weapons in all-weather, day/night con***ions, and to use advanced air-to-air weapons such as the active radar-homing Vympel R-77 (NATO codename: AA-12 Adder) medium-range AAM. The aircraft is also fitted with sophisticated electronic countermeasures (ECM) and C4ISR suites for target acquisitions and weapon guidance.
The Su-30MKK inherited the superior aerodynamic performance from its ancestor Su-27, outperforming most of Western designed fighter aircraft in close-in air combat. The aircraft has two sets of flight and weapon controls to allow either crew member to fly the aircraft or guide weapons. Both ****pits have two large colour multifunctional displays (MFD), and the pilots can utilise helmet-mounted sight (HMS) to guide the short-range AAM. As a strike fighter, the Su-30MKK possesses an impressive combat radius of 1,600km without any refuelling. These aircraft also has retractable refuelling probe as standard configure. Once the PLAAF acquires the IL-78 refuelling tanker from Russia, the fighter?Ts radius can be extended to 2,600km with one refuelling, or 3,500km with another. If also combined with AWACS aircraft, the Su-30MKK approaches the capability of the U.S. F-15E Strike Eagle.
With multiple in-flight refuelling, the Su-30MKK taking-off from inland airbases in China conceivably could conduct air strikes as far away as Guam, Australia, or the Indian Ocean, or be able to loiter for significant periods over contested areas of the South China Sea. According to Russian sources, the PLAAF has requested the Su-30MKK with structure reinforced to enable the maximum rake-off weight to be increased to 34.5t, comparing to 30.5t for the original version Su-30 and 33.5t for the Su-30MKI designed for the Indian Air Force. The PLAAF has reportedly asked for a limited number of the planes to have the capability of further increasing take-off weight to 38.8t. The plane will then be capable of transporting 8t of weapons and supplementary fuel tanks in operations.
SU-30MK2
In January 2003, China signed the contract with the Russian state-owned trading company Rosoboronexport for the purchase of the third batch of Su-30MK fighters. The new order came to 24 planes in the latest Su-30MK2 variant, which is tailored for the PLA Naval Air Force (PLANAF) with enhanced anti-ship strike capability. The delivery of these aircraft were reported to have been completed by August 2004.
The testing of two prototypes of the Su-20MK2 began around early 2002. Compared to the MKK version in service with the PLAAF, the Su-30MK2 features an improved precision-attack capability and an entirely new C4ISTAR (command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance) role not previously hinted at. The aircraft?Ts new N001VEP fire-control radar is specifically modified to launch the Kh-31 (NATO codename: Kh-17A Krypton-A) long-range supersonic anti-ship missile.
SU-30MK3
Sukhoi Design Bureau is currently developing the Su-30MK3 fighter, which features a new fire-control radar and an improved version of the AL-31 engine. Possible radar options may include the aforementioned Phazotron Zhuk-MS and a new active phased array radar called the ?oPandâ? being developed by the Tikomirov Bureau. This radar could have a 190km range against airborne targets, or 300km against surface ships. Either radar would be able *****pport usage of the Kh-59MK air-to-surface missile. However, it is not clear whether the PLA would be interested in acquiring any of this model.
VARIANTS
Type IOC Inventory Descriptions
Su-30MKK 2001 76 Basic variant two-seat multirole fighter
Su-30MK2 2004 24 Upgraded variant for the PLA Navy
Su-30MK3 - - Further upgraded variant
SENSORS
The Su-30MKK is equipped with a NIIP Tikhomirov N001VE (N001VEP on the Su-30MK2) coherent pulse Doppler radar with track-while-scan and look-down/shoot-down capability. The range of the radar against 3-square-metre targets is 110km in the forward hemisphere and 40km in the rear hemisphere. The radar has the capacity to search, detect and track up to ten targets with automatic threat assessment and proritisation.
The Su-30MKK is fitted with a OEPS-31E-MK forward-looking infrared/electro-optic and laser designation system derived from the OEPS-27 onboard the Su-27 with better performance. The system includes an infrared search-and-track (IRST) sensor collimated with a laser rangefinder.
The improved Su-30MKK2 fighter is reportedly fitted with a UOMZ Sapsan-E forward-looking infrared/electro-optic targeting and laser designation system, which represents the enhanced precision attack capability of the Su-30MKK2.
For better close air combat performance, the pilot is assisted by a holmet-mounted sight (HMS).
C4ISTAR
The Su-30MK2 is capable of carrying the M400 reconnaissance suite, a large airborne pod system housing sensors including a sideways-looking airborne radar (SLAR); a high- and low-altitude TV/infra-red payload; or a long-range oblique photography (LOROP) camera. The optical sensors are said to have a range of over 70km, while the SLAR is claimed to have a range of over 100km. Once equipped with the SLAR system, the Su-30MK2 will be able to control up to 10 other fighters on a datalink, thus giving the Su-30MKK units an organic but limited ?oAWACS? function to compliment other PLA ISR systems.
WEAPONS
A 30 mm GSh-301 cannon is fitted internally with 150 rounds of ammunition. 10 hardpoints (4 under fuselage, 4 under wings, and 2 on wingtips) are available to carry payload of up to 8,000kg.
For air-to-air missions, the aircraft could carry 6 R-77 (AA-12 Adder) active radar-homing medium-range air-to-air missiles (MRAAMs) and 4 R-73E (AA-11 Archer) IR homing short-range air-to-air missiles (SRAAMs). Alternatively the aircraft could carry two R-73 SRAAMs and 2 wingtip ECM pods.
For air interdiction (AI) missions, the aircraft could carry Kh-29T (AS-14A Kedge) TV-guided air-to-surface missile (ASM), Kh-59 (AS-13 Kingbolt) command guided ASM, Kh-59ME (AS-18 Kazoo) TV-guided air-to-surface missile, and KAB-500Kr or KAB-1500Kr TV-guided bombs.The aircraft can also carry a range of Russian-made unguided bombs.
For suppression of enemy air defence (SEAD) mission, the aircraft could use: Kh-31P (or its Chinese copy YJ-91) ramjet anti-radiation missile (ARM). The Su-30MK2 can also launch the Kh-31 anti-ship missile.
COUNTERMEASURES
The detailed information on the PLAAF Su-30MKK''''s electronic countermeasures suite is unknown, but it can be expected that the aircraft has similar, if not better, ECM/EW capabilities as the Su-27SKs in service with the PLAAF. The Su-30MKK has been seen carrying the wingtip active multi-mode jammer pods, possibly an upgraded variant of that carried on the Su-27.
POWERPLANT
The Su-30MKK is powered by two AL-31F turbofan engines, designed by the Lyulka Engine Design Bureau (NPO Saturn). Each engine is rated at 17,857 lb (79.43kN) dry and 27,557 lb st (122.58kN) with afterburning.
SPECIFICATIONS
Dimensions: Wingspan 14.7m; Length 21.94m; Height 6.36m
Weight: Normal take-off 24,900kg; Max take-off 34,500kg
Combat Load: 8,000kg
Max Speed: Mach 2.0
Low-Level Speed: 1,350km/h
Ferry Range: 3,000km (Without in-flight refuelling) or 5,200 km (One in-flight refuelling) or 7,000km (Two in-flight refuellings)
Near-Ground Range: 1,270km
Combat Radius: 1,500km (normal altitude, with internal tanks only)
Service Ceiling: 17,300m
Max Climb Rate: 18,300m/min (sea level)
G Limit: -3 to +9

Được gulfoil sửa chữa / chuyển vào 19:47 ngày 29/07/2005

Kh-31A Anti-Ship Missile
Kh-31P (AS-17) / YJ-91 Anti-Radiation Missile
The Kh-31P (NATO codename: AS-17C Krypton-C) is the anti-radiation missile (ARM) variant of the Russian Zvezda Bureau?Ts Kh-31A (NATO codename: Kh-17A Krypton-A) long-range supersonic anti-ship missile. The PLAAF received an unknown number of the Kh-31P in the late 1990s for initial test and evaluation. The latest Chinese public photos have confirmed that the Kh-31P is already in service with the PLAAF. China is also trying to develop an indigenous ARM known as Yingji-91 (YJ-91) based on the Kh-31P. The Kh-31A anti-ship missile will arm the Su-30MK2 fighter-bomber for the PLANAF.
PROGRAMME
In 1997 it was reported that Russiâ?Ts Zvezda Bureau had agreed to co-produce its Kh-31P (AS-17C) anti-radiation missile (ARM) with China under the designation KR-1 (PLA official designation YJ-91). However, the report was later denied by Zvezda Bureau despite the appearance of an Internet photo showing a Kh-31P missile in an unknown factory in China. Another report indicated that China received five non-flying Kh-31P missiles with which to test the engines.
Later reports noted that the Russian Avtomatiki Bureau has shipped 200 of its L-112E passive seeker used by the Kh-31P to China, again raising the possibility of co-production. However this could also simply indicate the delivery of 200 Kh-31P missiles. The latest PLA publicity photo shows that the Kh-31P, or its Chinese copy YJ-91, is already in operational service with the PLAAF.
It is possible that the China has purchased both variants of the missile, Kh-31A anti-ship variant and Kh-31P anti-radiation variant. The Kh-31P and its Chinese copy YJ-91 provide a relatively advanced medium-range stand-off anti-radiation strike capability for the PLAAF. It is believed capable of attacking radar for the U.S. Patriot air defence missile system and AWACS radar. Should the PLAAF have the 200km Mod 2 variant, it can threaten Taiwan?Ts fixed and mobile radar sites beyond the reach of Taiwan?Ts current air defence missiles.
The anti-ship variant Kh-31A (AS-17A), possibly the newer 100km range Mod 2 version, will arm Su-30MKK2s specially designed for the PLA Naval Air Force (PLANAF). A mock-up of the Xi?Tan JH-7A fighter-bomber displayed during Zhuhai Air Show was seen carrying a Kh-31, which could be either the anti-radiation or anti-ship version. Both the Kh-31A and Kh-31P (including the indigenised YJ-91) can be used by upgraded Su-27SK/UBK, J-11, J-10 fighters and JH-7A fighter-bomber.
MISSILE
The development of the Kh-31P began in 1977 with the first test launches taking place in 1982. The anti-radiation version of the missile was developed specially to counter the American Patriot air defence missile system. The passive radar seeker for the Kh-31P was designed by NPO Avtomatika and the ARGS-31 active radar seeker for the Kh-31A by NPO Leninets. The Kh-31P is targeted with the help of a Fantasmagoria ESM pod on the Su-24M, or with the internal SPO-32 Pastel RWR on later aircraft. The Kh-31P has a CEP of 5 to 7 meters, or 20 to 30 meters if the target radar is shut down before the missile reaches it.
The Kh-31A anti-ship version can destroy ships of up to 4,500t displacement. The combustion chamber of the missile''s ramjet engine is filled by a solid-propellant rocket booster. After launch, the booster accelerates the missile to a speed of Mach 1.8, after which it is discarded and the liquid-propellant ramjet takes over, its four air intake holes opening up.
There is possibly also an air-to-air "anti-AWACS" version of the missile with passive radar homing and a range of 200 km. The missiles can be launched at altitudes of 0.1~15km at speeds of 600~1,100km/h.
PROPULSIONS
The Kh-31 features a unique dual propulsion system designed by the Soyuz Design Bureau in Turayevo near Moscow. First the missile is accelerated by its solid-fuel rocket engine to a speed of Mach 1.8, then the engine is discarded and the interior of the missile is converted into the combustion chamber of the missile''s jet engine. The latter accelerates the missile to a speed of almost Mach 4.5, while four air intake holes on the sides of the missile body open up.
SPECIFICATIONS
Kh-31A Kh-31P
Length 4.7m 5.21m
Core Diameter 0.36m 0.36m
Wingspan 1.15m 1.15m
Launch Weight 610kg 600kg
Warhead 94kg 87kg
Propulsion Integral Rocket + Ramjet
Max Speed Mach 4.5 Mach 4.5
Max Range 70km 110km
Guidance Active radar L-112E passive radar homing, D~F band

Kh-59 (AS-13) Air-To-Surface Missile
Kh-59ME (AS-18) Air-To-Surface Missile
The Kh-59 (NATO codename: AS-13 Kingpost) is a standoff, TV-guided, medium-range air-to-surface missile developed by Russia''s Raduga Design Bureau. The missile is designed to engage large static ground targets such as bridges and buildings with pinpoint accuracy. The PLAAF obtained the Kh-59 and its improved variant Kh-59ME (NATO codename: AS-18 Kazoo) along with the purchase of the Su-30MKK fighter. Raduga Design Bureau has also developed the Kh-59MK anti-ship variant, whch might be delivered to the PLANAF along with the Su-30MK2.
PROGRAMME
The PLAAF ordered an unknown number of the Russian Raduga Design Bureauâ?Ts Kh-59 TV-guided air-to-surface missile to arm its Su-30MKK fighter for precision strike role. First revealed in the 1991 Dubai Defence Exhibition, the Kh-59 missile is somewhat similar in concept to the U.S. AGM-84E SLAM. The TV image from the Kh-59 is received and guidance commands are sent by an APK-8 pod. Target coordinates are fed into the missile before launch, and the initial flight phase is conducted under inertial guidance. At a distance of 10km from the target the TV guidance system is activated. The weapon system operator aboard the aircraft visually identifies the target and locks the missile onto it. The Kh-59 cruises at an altitude of about 7m above water or 100~1,000m above ground with the help of a radar altimeter. It can be launched at speeds of 600~1,000 km/h at altitudes of 0.2 to 11km and has a CEP of 2~3m. It is carried on an AKU-58-1 launch pylon.
The Kh-59M (AS-18 Kazoo) is an improved variant of the Kh-59, with the primary differences being the ad***ion of a small RDK-300 turbofan engine (developed by the "Soyuz" OKB) below the fuselage and a larger warhead. The TV image from the missile is received and guidance commands are sent by the APK-9 pod onboard the Su-30MKK. The missile has a CEP of 2~3m with manual or 5~7m with automatic aiming. The Kh-59ME is an export version of the Kh-59M. The Kh-59MK is an anti-ship variant with increased range. Its ARGS-59 active radar seeker has a maximum detection range of 25km against a 5,000m2 RCS targets and 15km against a 300m2 RCS targets.
SPECIFICATIONS
Kh-59/AS-13 Kh-59M/AS-18
Length 5.37m 5.69m
Core Diameter 0.38m 0.38m
Wingspan 1.26m 1.30m
Launch Weight 760kg 930kg
Warhead 148kg HE 320kg HE; or
280kg submunitions
Propulsion Solid rocket Solid rocket + RDK-300 turbofan
Max Speed 1,000km/h 1,050km/h
Max Range 50km 115km
Guidance Inertial + TV command Inertial + TV command

-Kh-29 (AS-14) Air-To-Surface Missile
The Kh-29 (NATO codename: AS-14B Kedge) is the short-range air-to-surface missile designed by Matus Bisnovat''s "Molniya" (Lightning) and Vympel Design Bureau in the 1980s for the Soviet Air Force. The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) reportedly ordered about 2,000 of this missile from Russia in 2002 in together with the acquisition of the Su-30MKK fighter aircraft.
PROGRAMME
In July 2002 reports indicated that the PLAAF acquired about 2,000 Russian Kh-29 (AS-14 Kedge) short-range air-to-surface missiles, which were all delivered in the same year. This may suggest that they came out of existing Russian Air Force inventory. In 2004 the Chinese publicity photos also confirmed that the missile is in service with the PLAAF. Given the large number purchased, the PLAAF may consider using the missile on its indigenous aircraft such as JH-7A fighter-bomber or the smaller Q-5 attacker.
The development of the Kh-29 began in the Molniya KB in the mid-1970s, but the work was later transferred to Vympel, which is known for specialising in air-to-air missiles. Comparable in size and performance to the U.S. Maverick ground attack missile, the Kh-29 is intended primarily for use against heavily fortified targets or bridges and thus has a very large warhead. The Kh-29L utilizes the same 24N1 laser seeker developed by NPO Geofizika as the Kh-25 (AS-10) missile. Target designation is provided by an aircraft-mounted Klen or Kaira laser pod or a ground-based laser designator. The missile is carried on the AKU-58 launcher pylon, from which it dropped down before its engine starts. The missile can be launched at altitudes of 0.2 to 10km and speeds of 600 to 1,250km/h.
VARIANTS
The Kh-29 comes with three variants. The Kh-29L (Article 63) uses a semi-active laser guidance. A target can be illuminated from the delivery aircraft or from another aircraft or from the ground. The Kh-29T (Article 64) has a Tubus-2 television seeker developed by NPO Impuls, with automatic optical homing to a distinguishable object indicated by the pilot in the ****pit. The Kh-29D uses a thermal-imaging seeker and is also available for export.
SPECIFICATIONS
Length: 3.875m
Diameter: 0.38m
Wingspan: 1.10m
Weight: (Kh-29L) 657kg; (Kh-29T) 680kg
Warhead: 317kg HE
Propulsion: Solid rocket
Max speed: 2,900km/s
Max effective range: 8,000~10,000m
Guidance: (Kh-29L/Article 63) semi-active laser; (Kh-29T/Article 64) TV; (Kh-29D) Thermal-imaging

R-77 (AA-12) MEDIUM-RANGE AIR-TO-AIR MISSILE
The R-77 (NATO codename: AA-12 Adder) is an active radar-homing, medium-range air-to-air missile (MRAAM) developed by the Russian Vympel Design Bureau. The missile is comparable in general performance to the U.S. AIM-120. The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) obtained this missile along with the purchase of the Su-30MKK fighter aircraft in 2001. Some unconfirmed reports indicated that a total of 200 missiles had been delivered to the PLAAF.


PROGRAMME
When the PLAAF received its first batch of Su-30MKK fighter aircraft in 2001, it also received the latest Vymple R-77E (AA-12 Adder) MRAAMs from Russia. In mid-2002 foreign intelligence reported that the PLAAF had begun testing the R-77. According to a Russian sources the PLAAF launched five R-77s from Su-30MKK for these tests. Initially the number of the missiles ordered by the PLAAF was reported to be 100, but a later report confirmed that a total of 200 missiles had been delivered.
The R-77 is Russiâ?Ts latest active radar-homing MRAAM. Development of the R-77 began in 1982, with the first flight beginning in 1984. Production was not extensive by the time of the break-up of the Soviet Union, and further production was constrained by the fact that the R-77 missile factory was in Ukraine. Later the production of the R-77 was shifted to Vympel in Russia in 1993.
GUIDANCE
The R-77 is first true active radar-homing MRAAM developed by the Soviet Union/Russia. While The missile requires that the aircraft radar initially acquire the target and target location upgrades are transmitted to the missile in flight, the last 15km of the flight is guided by the missilê?Ts 9B-1348 active seeker designed by Agat Bureau. The upgraded 9B-1103M extends the active seeker?Ts range to 25km. This allows the launching aircraft to set up its next shot, manoeuvre defensively or egress the combat area.
PERFORMANCE
The R-77''s main superiority compared to the AIM-120B/C is in range and manoeuvrability. The R-77 is bigger than the AIM-120, and carries more powerful propellant. The range of the R-77 is between 50km and 80km depending on the model. The R-77?Ts unique ?opotato masher? fins at the rear provides lower drag at supersonic speeds than large fins, and are able to cause the missile to turn much faster at 12G, which is significantly more than most crewed aircraft at 9G. The missilê?Ts speed is limited to Mach 3 due to excessive nose-cone heating. Vympel is also marketing a Ramjet-powered R-77M-PD, which has an extraordinary range of 150km.
SPECIFICATIONS
Configuration: Two stage liquid
Length: 3.60m
Diameter: 0.200m
Wingspan: 0.350m
Launch Weight: 175kg
Propellant: Solid fuel rocket motor
Guidance: Inertial + mid-course command + terminal active radar
Range: 50~80km
Warhead: 30kg HE-fragment
Fuze: Laser proximity fuze
Launch aircraft: Su-30MKK

R-27 (AA-10) Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile
NAME
Russian name: R-27
NATO Code-name: AA-10 Alamo
TYPE: Semi-active radar homing medium-range air-to-air missile
CONTRACTOR: Spetztekhnika Vympel NPO (missile); MRI Agat (radar seeker development)
CARRIER AIRCRAFT: Su-27, Su-30, F-8IIM
SERVICE STATUS: Entered the PLAAF service in the 1992. As many as few hundred missiles were reportedly purchased from Russia.
PROGRAMME
China obtained the R-27 (AA-10 Alamo) air-to-air missiles along with the purchase of the Russian Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker fighters. The R-27 was developed in the 1980s with six updated variants. The variant that the PLAAF has purchased may be the semi-active radar-homing variant R-27R (Alamo-A), which is generally comparable in performance to the U.S. AIM-7M Sparrow, while the F-8IIM displayed in Zhuhai Airshow 98 has been seen carrying the more advanced R-27P (AA-10 Alamo-E).
Basically the R-27 is still a first-generation medium-range air-to-air missile with semi-active radar guidance. The missile doesn''''t posses a fully "fire-and-forget" capability and thus not as attractive from an aircraft survivability perspective as the second-generation active-radar guided missile like AIM-120 or R-77 (AA-12). However, the R-27 has a lock-on range of 30 km against typical fighter aircraft targets, which may make up partially for this disadvantage.
Nevertheless, as the very first operational medium-range AAM in the PLAAF''''s inventory, the R-27 has greatly increased the capability of the PLAAF in term of air-superiority.
The R-27R (AA-10 Alamo-A) carried by the PLAAF Su-27 fighter

DESIGN FEATURES
The R-27 MRAAM was designed according to a modular principle and was the base for a family of missiles equipped with various types of homing heads and propulsion systems. Several versions of this missile have been produced in Russia with infrared, semi-active and active radar guidance. The AA-10 Alamo-C has a range of 130 km, while other variants have a maximum range of between 70 to 170 km.
The standard R-27R (AA-10 Alamo-A) medium-range semi-active radar-guided missile became operational in 1985, intended for MiG-29 and Su-27 frontal aviation fighters. The R-27 is capable of engaging manned and unmanned targets in long-range and close maneuverable air-to-air combat. It can be employed both in individual as well as group operations of platform aircraft. It supports the intercept of targets moving from different directions against the background of the earth''''s and water''''s surface in any weather con***ions.
The R-27R is equipped with a semi-active radar homing head, with a proximity fuze and impact fuze and a continuous-rod warhead. It is guided to the target by a combination method according to the proportional navigation method: inertial with radio correction of trajectory in the initial flight phase, and homing in the terminal phase. This provides for reliable target lock-on at long ranges from the launching aircraft. The missile can be guided along special trajectories to create favorable con***ions for homing head and proximity fuze operation. It is capable of going around a plume of passive jamming, of being moved out of the main lobe of the platform''''s radar, and of approaching a low-flying target from above at a given angle.
The missile has a canard aerodynamic configuration with an axially symmetric cruciform arrangement of aerodynamic surfaces. Control surfaces of original (so-called "butterfly") configuration permit using the same surfaces both for missile yaw and pitch control as well as for its roll stabilization. Each of the four control surfaces has an independent hydraulic drive with a pump-accumulator system for supplying pressure fluid. Canard surfaces are mounted ahead of them. Changing their size ensures identical balance characteristics of the missile when the homing head is replaced.
SPECIFICATIONS
Missile Length: 4.0 m
Missile Diameter: 0.23 m
Wingspan: 0.77 m
Launch Weight: 253 kg
Warhead: 36 kg HE fragmentation
Propulsion: Solid fuel
Maximum Speed: Mach 4
Range: 50 km
Guidance: Semi-active radar


Được gulfoil sửa chữa / chuyển vào 20:59 ngày 29/07/2005

R-73 (AA-11) Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile
NAME
Russian name: R-27
NATO Code-name: AA-11 Archer
TYPE: Infrared homing short-range air-to-air missile
CONTRACTOR: Spetztekhnika Vympel NPO
CARRIER AIRCRAFT: Su-27, Su-30
SERVICE STATUS: Entered service with the PLAAF and PLA Naval Aviation in 1986.
PROGRAMME
China acquired the R-73 alongside its first purchase of the Su-27 fighter aircraft in 1992, making the PLAAF the first Asian air force to be equipped with an all-aspect attack, helmet-sighted air-to-air missile (AAM). It is not known how proficient PLA pilots are with this missile. Nevertheless, the R-73 is capable of 12g manoeuvres due to its use of thrust-vectoring vanes that direct engine exhaust.
The R-73 carried under the wing of the PLAAF Su-27

The R-73 is directed by the Arsenel SHCH-3UM-1 helmet sight, which can confer off-boresight targeting of 60-degrees or a field of fire of 120-degrees. This sight allows for a one-half to two-thirds reduction in the time needed to acquire the target and fire the missile. The U.S. AIM-9L Sidewinder short-range AAM confers only a 50-degree field of fire. In exercises between U.S. fighters armed with regular missiles and German Air Force MiG-29s armed with the R-73, the latter wins. The United States will not have this capability until the Hughes AIM-9X helmet-sighted missile enters service early in the next decade.
Reportedly, China is also considering the purchase of the Vympel K-74ME. This missile has a 120-degree field of view and may have a longer range than the base-line R-73. Unconfirmed reports indicated that China may obtain license to build the R-73 AAM with designation PL-13.
SPECIFICATIONS
Missile Length: 2.90 m
Missile Diameter: 0.17 m
Wingspan: 0.51 m
Launch Weight: 105 kg (R-73M1), or 115 kg (R-73M2)
Warhead: 7.4 kg HE expanding rod warhead
Propulsion: One solid-propellant rocket motor
Off-Boresight Capability: +/-50 degree
Speed: Mach 2.5
G Limit: 40G
Range: 20 km (R-73M1), or 30 km (R-73M2)
Guidance: Helmet-sighted + All-aspect infrared homing

(Hairyscary cười ngặt nghẽo)
Đúng rồi ku. Những cái đó xưa như Diễm. Ít ra cũng có cái ku giáo sư không ba hoa đấy chứ nhỉ.
Nhưng mà cái chuyện ku nhét cái radar bước sóng mét lên Mig-31, rồi cho 4 cái liên kết liên hợp với nhau bằng kỹ thuật tiên tiến hiện đại gì đấy, để nâng tầm hữu ích của nó lên 900km, để cho nó có thể phát hiện thấy F-22 trước, rồi bắn hạ F-22 trước, thì khổ một cái vẫn chỉ là cái chuyện chỉ xảy ra ở cái đại học forum gì đó mà ku đang công tác.
Khoan đã! Hay đấy là Mig-31 sản xuất ở Nhà máy bê tông Chèm?
Ngày xưa các cụ có cái chuyện học dở không bằng dốt đặc.
Một trong những đặc tính thường gặp của những người học dở (tức là bằng bất kể cách nào cũng phải cố mà tốt nghiệp đại học hay học viện gì đó, dù là bịa số liệu cho bài tốt nghiệp, khiến cho ông thầy suýt bị nổ banh xác) là xào nấu. Xào nấu một cách say mê cuồng nhiệt đến mức tin luôn rằng những thứ mình xào nấu ra là thật. Cũng những người học dở ấy có thể bàn luận một cách cuồng nhiệt, say mê về tất cả những thành tựu đỉnh cao của kỹ thuật với cái mớ kiến thức học dở được trang bị, vì những người như thế cứ tưởng là mình giỏi, mà lại mắc thêm cái thói quen múa gậy vườn hoang.
Ngày trước ở chỗ tớ có chuyện vui hết chỗ nói. Một ku cãi nhau với một bà công nhân. Đến lúc bí quá, ku ấy phán một câu: Bà thì biết cái đếch gì. Bà chẳng qua chỉ là công nhân quèn, còn tôi ít ra thì cũng là đại học thi trượt!!???
Cứ bằng vào cái bài 16:16 28/07 của ku giáo sư với các bài trước đó về cái chuyện kỹ thuật tiên tiến liên kết giữa các trạm với lại đồng bộ thời gian thực để giao các cái hình bầu dục mờ với nhau đặng cho Mig-31 cái tầm radar 900 km, thì cái chuyện nâng tầm radar của Mig-31 chỉ là cái sản phẩm của Nhà máy bê tông Chèm.
Tóm tắt là sao: Theo đúng lý thuyết của ku giáo sư thì cần 4 trạm phát sóng (4 cái Mig-31) phát sóng giao với nhau. Mục tiêu mỗi cái bắt được là một hình bầu dục mờ. Liên kết với đồng bộ gì đó thì khi 4 cái Mig-31 này phát sóng giao nhau ở khu vực mục tiêu thì sẽ xác định rõ thông số cần thiết để bắn hạ mục tiêu. Và cũng nhờ liên kết đồng bộ như thế thì tầm radar của Mig-31 vọt lên 900km. Khổ một nỗi, radar loại xịn nhất của Mig-31 tầm cũng chỉ 400 km. 4 cái trạm phát giao nhau chỗ cái hình bầu dục lờ mờ ấy, thì cái chỗ giao nhau cũng chỉ có thể nằm trong cái tầm 400 km của mỗi cái radar. Và sau khi liên kết với đồng bộ thì cái chỗ bầu dục khi được làm rõ ấy nó cũng chỉ có thể nằm trong cái khoảng 400 km của mỗi cái radar. Chẳng hiểu làm thế nào mà ku giáo sư Huyphuc lại đẩy cái bầu dục ấy ra xa tới 900 km được. Làm sao cái radar với tầm 400 km lại có thể giao cái bầu dục với cái trạm nào khác ở cái chỗ cách xa nó tới hơn 400 km nhiều được??? Câu trả lời là bê tông Chèm.
Mà đấy là còn chưa tính đến việc vẽ thêm cho cái Mig-31 cái radar có bước sóng mét.
Nhưng mà khoan đã. Ku giáo sư Huyphuc đang thòng thêm cái vụ radar thụ động. Và chắc là đang có ý định nhét nó lên Mig-31 để biến cái tầm HỮU ÍCH của radar Mig-31 lên 900 km. Nếu đã là radar thụ động thì cho nó luôn thành 1600 km đi ku, để 900 km thế khiêm tốn quá.
Séc của ku ý, có cái radar Tamara phát hiện máy bay tàng hình. Cái radar này là một giả thiết người ta đang dùng để lý giải vì sao cái F-117 ở Nam tư bị phát hiện và bắn hạ. Nhưng đấy là một trong những giả thiết mà người ta đưa ra để cãi nhau thôi, ku đừng bảo là tớ nói thế nhé. Mà cái radar này nằm hết trên một cái xe, chẳng cần nhiều TRẠM đâu. Và đấy là cái Mẽo gây áp lực cấm phổ biến.
Cái kỹ thuật tàng hình ferrite của ku giáo sư vẫn cứ phải vòng dây dẫn điện, thanh dẫn từ, ống dẫn sóng lằng nhằng thế. Cứ như thế thì F-22 diện tích cánh lớn như thế thì làm sao mà bay lên được vì nặng?
Có nhiều chỗ khác người ta trình bày cái kỹ thuật tàng hình ferrite đơn giản hơn nhiều. Wilkipedia chẳng hạn. Cứ Yahoo hay Google cái từ đấy là ra ối. Đặc biệt người ta không vẽ thêm những vòng dây, thanh dẫn ống hướng gì đó vào cho nó thêm nặng. Nguyên cái hợp chất ferrite được sử dụng đã nặng lắm rồi.
Oái! Nhưng mờ hôm nay thì ku giáo sư đã thòng thêm cái đoạn Chúng có thể được chế tạo thành các bọt nhỏ gồm các cầo kim loại dẫn điện từ vòng tròn để làm cho cái kỹ thuật tàng hình ferrite của ku nó nhẹ bới đi, vo viên tất cả lại, vòng dây, ống dẫn, thanh hướng, tất cả thành bọt nhỏ xíu hết. Chắc là mới áp dụng kỹ thuật nano!!! Mà các cầo là các gì thế ku? Biết là ku gõ nhầm nhưng không thể hình dung ra là cái gì.