Lớp tiếng Anh B18 Ms.Thuy (8th) ^_^

Paragraphs and Topic Sentences
A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single topic. Almost every piece of writing you do that is longer than a few sentences should be organized into paragraphs. This is because paragraphs show a reader where the subdivisions of an essay begin and end, and thus help the reader see the organization of the essay and grasp its main points.
Paragraphs can contain many different kinds of information. A paragraph could contain a series of brief examples or a single long illustration of a general point. It might describe a place, character, or process; narrate a series of events; compare or contrast two or more things; classify items into categories; or describe causes and effects. Regardless of the kind of information they contain, all paragraphs share certain characteristics. One of the most important of these is a topic sentence.
TOPIC SENTENCES
A well-organized paragraph supports or develops a single controlling idea, which is expressed in a sentence called the topic sentence. A topic sentence has several important functions: it substantiates or supports an essay?Ts thesis statement; it unifies the content of a paragraph and directs the order of the sentences; and it advises the reader of the subject to be discussed and how the paragraph will discuss it. Readers generally look to the first few sentences in a paragraph to determine the subject and perspective of the paragraph. That?Ts why it?Ts often best to put the topic sentence at the very beginning of the paragraph. In some cases, however, it?Ts more effective to place another sentence before the topic sentencê?"for example, a sentence linking the current paragraph to the previous one, or one providing background information.
Although most paragraphs should have a topic sentence, there are a few situations when a paragraph might not need a topic sentence. For example, you might be able to omit a topic sentence in a paragraph that narrates a series of events, if a paragraph continues developing an idea that you introduced (with a topic sentence) in the previous paragraph, or if all the sentences and details in a paragraph clearly refer?"perhaps indirectly?"to a main point. The vast majority of your paragraphs, however, should have a topic sentence.
PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE
Most paragraphs in an essay have a three-part structurê?"introduction, body, and conclusion. You can see this structure in paragraphs whether they are narrating, describing, comparing, contrasting, or analyzing information. Each part of the paragraph plays an important role in communicating your meaning to your reader.
Introduction: the first section of a paragraph; should include the topic sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give background information or provide a transition.
Body: follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, and other information.
Conclusion: the final section; summarizes the connections between the information discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph?Ts controlling idea.
The following paragraph illustrates this pattern of organization. In this paragraph the topic sentence and concluding sentence (CAPITALIZED) both help the reader keep the paragraph?Ts main point in mind.
SCIENTISTS HAVE LEARNED *****PPLEMENT THE SENSE OF SIGHT IN NUMEROUS WAYS. In front of the tiny pupil of the eye they put, on Mount Palomar, a great monocle 200 inches in diameter, and with it see 2000 times farther into the depths of space. Or they look through a small pair of lenses arranged as a microscope into a drop of water or blood, and magnify by as much as 2000 diameters the living creatures there, many of which are among man?Ts most dangerous enemies. Or, if we want to see distant happenings on earth, they use some of the previously wasted electromagnetic waves to carry television images which they re-create as light by whipping tiny crystals on a screen with electrons in a vacuum. Or they can bring happenings of long ago and far away as colored motion pictures, by arranging silver atoms and color-absorbing molecules to force light waves into the patterns of original reality. Or if we want to see into the center of a steel casting or the chest of an injured child, they send the information on a beam of penetrating short-wave X rays, and then convert it back into images we can see on a screen or photograph. THUS ALMOST EVERY TYPE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION YET DISCOVERED HAS BEEN USED TO EXTEND OUR SENSE OF SIGHT IN SOME WAY.
George Harrison, ?oFaith and the Scientist?
COHERENCE
In a coherent paragraph, each sentence relates clearly to the topic sentence or controlling idea, but there is more to coherence than this. If a paragraph is coherent, each sentence flows smoothly into the next without obvious shifts or jumps. A coherent paragraph also highlights the ties between old information and new information to make the structure of ideas or arguments clear to the reader.
Along with the smooth flow of sentences, a paragraph?Ts coherence may also be related to its length. If you have written a very long paragraph, one that fills a double-spaced typed page, for example, you should check it carefully to see if it should start a new paragraph where the original paragraph wanders from its controlling idea. On the other hand, if a paragraph is very short (only one or two sentences, perhaps), you may need to develop its controlling idea more thoroughly, or combine it with another paragraph.
A number of other techniques that you can use to establish coherence in paragraphs are described below.
Repeat key words or phrases. Particularly in paragraphs in which you define or identify an important idea or theory, be consistent in how you refer to it. This consistency and repetition will bind the paragraph together and help your reader understand your definition or description.
Create parallel structures. Parallel structures are created by constructing two or more phrases or sentences that have the same grammatical structure and use the same parts of speech. By creating parallel structures you make your sentences clearer and easier to read. In ad***ion, repeating a pattern in a series of consecutive sentences helps your reader see the connections between ideas. In the paragraph above about scientists and the sense of sight, several sentences in the body of the paragraph have been constructed in a parallel way. The parallel structures (which have been emphasized) help the reader see that the paragraph is organized as a set of examples of a general statement.
Be consistent in point of view, verb tense, and number. Consistency in point of view, verb tense, and number is a subtle but important aspect of coherence. If you shift from the more personal "you" to the impersonal ?oone,? from past to present tense, or from ?oa man? to ?othey,? for example, you make your paragraph less coherent. Such inconsistencies can also confuse your reader and make your argument more difficult to follow.
Use transition words or phrases between sentences and between paragraphs. Transitional expressions emphasize the relationships between ideas, so they help readers follow your train of thought or see connections that they might otherwise miss or misunderstand. The following paragraph shows how carefully chosen transitions (CAPITALIZED) lead the reader smoothly from the introduction to the conclusion of the paragraph.
I don?Tt wish to deny that the flattened, minuscule head of the large-bodied "stegosaurus" houses little brain from our subjective, top-heavy perspective, BUT I do wish to assert that we should not expect more of the beast. FIRST OF ALL, large animals have relatively smaller brains than related, small animals. The correlation of brain size with body size among kindred animals (all reptiles, all mammals, FOR EXAMPLE) is remarkably regular. AS we move from small to large animals, from mice to elephants or small lizards to Komodo dragons, brain size increases, BUT not so fast as body size. IN OTHER WORDS, bodies grow faster than brains, AND large animals have low ratios of brain weight to body weight. IN FACT, brains grow only about two-thirds as fast as bodies. SINCE we have no reason to believe that large animals are consistently stupider than their smaller relatives, we must conclude that large animals require relatively less brain to do as well as smaller animals. IF we do not recognize this relationship, we are likely to underestimate the mental power of very large animals, dinosaurs in particular.
Stephen Jay Gould, ?oWere Dinosaurs Dumb??
SOME USEFUL TRANSITIONS
To show ad***ion:
again, and, also, besides, equally important, first (second, etc.), further, furthermore, in ad***ion, in the first place, moreover, next, too
To give examples:
for example, for instance, in fact, specifically, that is, to illustrate
To compare:
also, in the same manner, likewise, similarly
To contrast:
although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, even though, however, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, though, yet
*****mmarize or conclude:
all in all, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, *****m up
To show time:
after, afterward, as, as long as, as soon as, at last, before, during, earlier, finally, formerly, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, since, shortly, subsequently, then, thereafter, until, when, while
To show place or direction:
above, below, beyond, close, elsewhere, farther on, here, nearby, opposite, to the left (north, etc.)
To indicate logical relationship:
accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this reason, hence, if, otherwise, since, so, then, therefore, thus

í ẹ, bài post của chị Thuỳ nhìn khiếp quá, toàn từ " cao siêu" thía Chị Thuỳ ơi chị khám sức khoẻ về tình hình thế nào a.? thương chị Thuỳ quá ốm hoài

trời ơi là trời bài tập gì mà khiếp thế chị ơi.

1 Our company has lost a lot of money recently and now we''re in the red .
2 My mother just loves gardening; she has green fingers.
3 When we heard the news, it was completely out of the blue .
4 Peter is so honest; he would never tell even a white lie.
5 When Jane saw Mary''s new car, she was green with envy.
6 Congratulations! You''ve passed all your exams with flying colours !
7 The opposition brought up another red herring during the debate yesterday.
8 The teacher gave the boy a black look and went on.
9 When my son came after that fight with the other boys, he was black and blue all over.
10 His extra-marital affairs have been discussed at length in the yellow press.
11 You know, Fred has always been the black sheep in the family.
12 We just can''t get ahead because of all this red tape!

Nội dung buổi học Ngày thứ 6(8/6):
-VOCAB "BUSINESS"
-Các thể loại trong phần viết (opinion)
Bài tập về nhà dành cho thứ 6 ngày 17/06:
-Bài tập Dịch:"Congress..."
Phần Passive:
1.Head of federal departments are named by the President,and judges are either elected directly by the people or are appointed by elected officials.
2.Actually,a great deal of the President?Ts power is controlled by Congress.
3.The killer was arrested by the police.
4.Black people were first brought to America from Africa as slaves.
5.Many colleges and universities are privately supported.
6.The attitude toward manual labor is seen in many aspects of American life.
7.These brokers are paid commissions by the buyers and the sellers for executing the orders.
8.The board decides how school funds are to be allocated,and has some voice in establishing the curriculum.
9.The Master of Arts degree occasionally may be obtained after one year of ad***ional specialized study.
10.Over the years 26 amendments have been added,but the basic document has not been changed.
11.While some subjects are required of everyone,some high school students,in ad***ion,take vocational classes.
12.Now many plants have been dispersed to other parts of the States
13.But the fortune of the Ford family was already made.
14.One is invited to dinner at the home of a middle-aged couple.
15.Land had to be cleared of trees in order to make farms,mines had to be developed,houses,shops,and public buildings had to be built.
16.Manual labor was highly valued.
-Phần Practice của tập Writing
-Phần BUSINESS IDIOMS....
nhé!
DO ?" MAKEUse the suitable forms of ?oDo? or ?oMake? to complete the following sentences1. A computer can???.simple calculations with lightning speed
2. Mr Brown???a speech at the meeting tomorrow
3. What kind of research Professor Walter???in the laboratory at that time?
4. The children???too much noise outside the house now
5. She??..the ironing everynight
6. He invited us to sit down and then???some tea
7. If you??..something wrong, will you feel sorry for it?
8. A lot of inventions??.to improve human life so far
9. You should???..a decision as soon as possible
10. They???..too many errors in the dictation last week
11. I dislike???.homework
12. I need time to think it over or I?Tll???.a mistake
13. I couldn?Tt come because I was busy???.my new dress
14. I?Tm going to???some reading
15. Let?Ts??..a plan
16. I???my shopping at weekends
17. I don?Tt want to???..a mess of the job
18. What do you???..in the evenings?
19. Who????this beautiful chair?
20. He???..his best to help us
21. I hate??..the cooking
22. I like ???.the washing-up
23. Who??..this chair?
24. My sister has just???a cake
25. We have no??..a report on science
26. I ???my shopping every Sunday
27. Tom didn?Tt???his homework
28. What are you???.? I?Tm???..a dress
29. I??.a promise never to see him again
30. Every student must???his duty
31. Did he???many mistakes?
32. I want to???a course in English
33. He is ????research in chemistry now
34. We must ???a decision soon
35. I?Td gone to London to???.some shopping
36. She???.my bed this morning
37. Have you???.arrangements to sell your house?
38. We have to???.military service in my country
39. Tom?Ts mother????him eat his dinner last evening
40. We always???..our best
41. That shop???very good business
42. She always????fun of me
43. The principal will ????.a speech at the meeting
44. Shall I???some coffee for you, Mother?
45. There?Ts nothing???.here. Let?Ts??..our way out
46. Let?Ts ???..plan
47. Who???this beautiful blouse?
48. Don?Tt do it or it will????you harm
49. I?Tm going to???..some reading
50. Don?Tt worry! You will surely ???.a good profit on this business

May quá cảm ơn chị. Buổi thứ 6 vừa rồi em bận quá không đi học được.

là lá la .... em làm bài tập của chị Thuỳ đầu tiên nè
chị Thuỳ ơi, buổi thứ 6 tuần sau và thứ 3 tuần sau nữa em xin nghỉ nhé, em đi du lịch cùng cả nhà muh ^^ Chị post nội dung bài học lên giúp em nhé! thanks chị nhìu ! love love
Use the suitable forms of ?oDo? or ?oMake? to complete the following sentences
1. A computer can DO simple calculations with lightning speed
2. Mr Brown WILL DO a speech at the meeting tomorrow
3. What kind of research Professor Walter DO in the laboratory at that time?
4. The children MAKE too much noise outside the house now
5. She DOES the ironing everynight
6. He invited us to sit down and then MADE some tea
7. If you DO something wrong, will you feel sorry for it?
8. A lot of inventions ARE MADE to improve human life so far
9. You should MAKE a decision as soon as possible
10. They DID too many errors in the dictation last week
11. I dislike DOING homework
12. I need time to think it over or I?Tll DO a mistake
13. I couldn?Tt come because I was busy TO MAKE my new dress
14. I?Tm going to DO some reading
15. Let?Ts MAKE a plan
16. I MAKE my shopping at weekends
17. I don?Tt want to DO a mess of the job
18. What do you DO in the evenings?
19. Who MADE this beautiful chair?
20. He DID his best to help us
21. I hate DOING the cooking
22. I like DOING the washing-up
23. Who DID this chair?
24. My sister has just MADE a cake
25. We have no TO DO a report on science
26. I DO my shopping every Sunday
27. Tom didn?Tt DO his homework
28. What are you DOING ? I?Tm MAKING a dress
29. I DID a promise never to see him again
30. Every student must DO his duty
31. Did he DO many mistakes?
32. I want to DO a course in English
33. He is DOING research in chemistry now
34. We must MAKE a decision soon
35. I?Td gone to London to DO some shopping
36. She MADE my bed this morning
37. Have you DONE arrangements to sell your house?
38. We have to DO military service in my country
39. Tom?Ts mother MADE him eat his dinner last evening
40. We always DO our best
41. That shop DOES very good business
42. She always MAKES fun of me
43. The principal will DO a speech at the meeting
44. Shall I MAKE some coffee for you, Mother?
45. There?Ts nothing TO DO here. Let?Ts MAKE our way out
46. Let?Ts DO plan
47. Who MADE this beautiful blouse?
48. Don?Tt do it or it will MAKE you harm
49. I?Tm going to DO some reading
50. Don?Tt worry! You will surely MAKE a good profit on this business

Bán đáp án bài tập của chị Thuỳ dành cho lớp B (tớ lên lớp P roài he he) ...ai mua PM, já cả thoả thuận.
Sai hết roài

Grừ grừ grừ..... Sao lại có người trơ tráo thế nhỉ ?

Tên NightFox đáng ghét kia, bộ ngươi khinh lớp B36 ko có người tài sao ? ......
Dù có ko làm được cũng ko ai thèm mua cái đáp án rẻ tiền của ngươi đâu hehehe .....
Sống trên đời cần có một tấm lòng, sao có thể vì tiền mà bán rẻ lương tâm đạo đức của mình đưọc[/size=4]