MOT SO KHAI NIEM VE CAC LOAI BOM .

bom la mot loai vu khi nem tha tu khi cu bay de tieu diet cac loai muc tieu o tren
bo cung nhu tren bien .bom ra doi som hon ca su ra doi cua may bay ,va phai den dau the ky
20 muoi bom moi duoc trang bi cho may bay .
mot cua bom thuong co bon bo phan chinh :than bom ,canh on dinh ,thuoc no
va ngoi no ,o bom co dieu khien con co khoang dieu khien va canh lai .
bom duoc phan chia theo loai bom khong dieu khien va co dieu khien .
bom khong dieu khien la sau khi roi khi cu mang no ,khong duoc dieu khien
hoac tu dieu khien duong roi de roi toi muc tieu ,vi the do chinh xac kem ,tuy nhien bom
khong dieu khien co uu diem la gia thanh re .
bom co dieu khien la sau khi roi khoi khi cu bay no co the duoc dieu khien
hoac tu dieu khien duong roi toi muc tieu mot canh chinh xac .bom co dieu khien duoc
thiet ke co dang khi dong hoc voi he thong dan co kha nang tieu diet muc tieu
voi do chinh xac cao .khac voi ten lua khong doi dat ,bom dieu khien khong co d
dong co nen quy trinh san xuat don gian .ra thang re hon ,nhung suc cong pha
lon.duc la nuoc dau tien che tao biom co dieu khien .trong the chien thu hai
duc su dung cac loai bom co dieu khien nhu X-1400,va H-239de tieu diet tu chien
kinh nghiem chien tranh viet nam cho thay su dung cac laoi bom co dieu khien
gim duoc chi phi tu 50 den 100 lan so voi bom khong dieu khien .dac biet voi
mot so phuong phap nem bom moi cac loai bom co dieu khien duoc nem
o khoang cach xa muc tieu ngoai tam hoa luc cua cac he thong phong khong doi
phuong .don cu trong viec danh pha cau ham rong o viet nam khi su dung
cac loai bom thong thuong de tan cong quan doi my da mat hang chuc may
bay va phi cong vi phao cao xa 37,57 ly cua viet nam bo chi xung qunanh cau
nhung khi my su dung bom co dieu khien trong mot tran danh ,mot may bay
cua my chi nem co mot cua bom co dieu khien ,nhung da lam gay mot nhip cau
trong khi do my khong mat mot may bay nao ,cac tran dia phao cao xa cua viet
nam cung phat hien duoc may bay vao tan cong cau nhung ro may bay o khoang
canh 4km ngoai tam cua phao cao xa nen ho da khong lam gi duoc .
cac loai bom co dieu khien :bom vo tuyen truyen hinh (vthh)phan dau cua bom
duoc lap mot camera truyen hinh nho ,nho do phi cong co the quan sat duoc
dia hinh tren man anh truyen hinh dat trong khoang lai .sau khi phat hien duoc muc tieu
,phi cong dieu khien may bay sao cho hinh anh cua muc tieu da chon trung voi
vao ong ngam tren man hinh .sau do phi cong dieu khien he thong dan bom ve che
do tu dong va cat bom .camera truyen hinh se giup dieu chinh huong bay v a
dua bom toi muc tieu ma khong can su can thiep cua phi cong .bom vtth co
do chinh xac cao nhung muc tieu duoc nem bom phai duoc xac dinh truoc
va hinh anh cua muc tieu phai duoc chup anh truoc de so sanh voi hinh anh thu
duoc cua camera truyen hinh ,tu do moi co the dieu khien duoc bom .bom vtth chi
co tac dung trong dieu kien thoi tiet tot ,do camera truyen hinh dat o mui qua bom
moi co the thu duoc hinh anh .he thong dieu khien cua bom vtth rat dat tien
bom la de (laser guide bom )day la loai bom duoc su dung nhieu nhat trong chien tranh
nhat la trong cuoc chien tranh irac va nam tu vi no co nhung uu diem noi bat .
phan dau cua bom duoc lap dau tu dan lade ban chu dong (GCN) de dan bom toi muc
tieu can phai chieu vao muc tieu muc tieu mot chum lade nho tu may bay mang hay
may bay dieu khien hoac tu mat dat .chum la de nay phai duoc duy tri trong suot
thoi gian bay cua bom .dau dan ban chu dong tiep nhan nang luong buc xa lade
tu muc tieu va xu ly de tao tin hieu dieu khien bom .bom la de co do chinh xac
cao do co the tao duoc chum tia lade rat hep ,vi the bom thuong duoc su dung
de danh cac muc tieu co kinh thuoc nho hep .trong giai doan cuoi cua cuoc
chien tranh o viet nam bon my da dua loai bom nay vao su dung ,va da la
noi am anh voi cac tran dia phao phong khong cua viet nam .hien nay bom lade
duoc su dung cho hau het khong quan cac nuoc .tuy nhien bomlade do phai
co nguon phat tia lade nen so luong may bay trong mot tran oanh tac tang len rat
nhieu .bom lade cung co the duoc ngay nhieu mot canh don gian nhu trong chien ]
chien irac nguoi ta do lam nhung vet khoi khien cho chum lade da bi nhieu
vi vay bom nem khong dung muc tieu .
bom dieu khien co ket cau modun da nang :mot so kieu tu dan (vo tuyen trien hinh
la de ,hong ngoai ,rada ..)cung nhu nhung dau tu dan tong hop ,phoi hop cac
nguyen tac dan bom toi muc tieu .tuy thuoc vao moi nhiem vu cu the bom co
the duoc lap cac modun ngay truoc khi may bay cat canh .nhu bom GBU-15
do my san xuat hang loat la loai bom lieng co ket cau modun ,duoc su dung
de tan cong cac muc tieu kien co nhu ham ngam cau cong .voi ket cau modun
GBU-15 co the lap dau tim vo tuyen luc ban ngay va dau do hong ngoai luc ban
dem .trong chien tranh vung vinh loai bom nay da san phang dinh thu cua
tong thong irac satdam cung nhu cac co quan cua bo quoc phong irac khac o duoi ham sau
voi nhu ra doi cua bom co dieu khien la mot buoc ngoat trong tac chien cua
khong quan ,theo tinh toan trong the chien thu hai mot may bay B-29 phai nem
300 cua bom moi chung duoc mot muc tieu co dien tich nhu mot chiec xe tang
trong chien tranh viet nam mot chiec F-105 phai nem it nhat la 28 qua bom
moi chung duoc muc tieu nay .con trong chien tranh vung vinh mot may bay F-117a
chi can nem mot cua bom la tieu diet duoc muc tieu .ngoai ra voi viec phoi hop dieu khien
tu ve tinh khien cho cac may bay khi tan cong muc tieu co the nem bom o xa muc tieu
ngoai tam hoa luc phong khong cua doi phuong sau do nhanh trong bay tro ve va he thong
ve tinh se tiep tuc dan bom den muc tieu vi vay ,tac chien phong khong bay gio dat ra nhung thach
thuc vo cung lon .
loai bom lon nhat hien nay la loai bom dang duoc my su dung o chien truong apghanistan la BLU-82 bom nang 7000 can voi luong thuoc bo la 5670 kg .bom duoc nem xuong tu nhung may bay c-130 duoc che tao mot khoang nem bom rieng .duoc tha tu
do cao toi thieu la 1300 m .dau bom duoc lap mot kip no 80 phan vi vay khi duoc tha xuong no no cacnh mat dat 80 cm va tao mot ap luc cuc lon trong mot vung ban kinh co 500-700 met pha huy hoan toan cac muc tieu tren mat dat .tronh chien tranh viet nam no duoc tha de don bai do cho may bay truc thang .hinh nhu nam 75 my da nem loai bom nay o khu bien hoa
khien cho may tram bo doi ta bi hy sinh.ma sau do ta lai tuong la my dung bom

Tim Ripley profiles precision-guided conventional air-to-ground ordnance in frontline service or nearing deployment with US forces.
In a message to servicemen and civilians working on USAF's smart-weapon projects, Frank Robbins, the USAF's precision strike programme director declared, "The message [from our senior management within the US Air Force as well as the Office of the Secretary of Defense and Congressional Staffers] is clear: What you are doing in support of precision strike weapons, whether overseas or continental USA, is critical to our national posture. We have had a remarkable conclusion to the 1990s with the success of our teams in the field and our weapons. It established a benchmark that will be challenging to replicate in the future. But I know you will do it as we are called on again in the future!"
The USAF is becoming increasingly reliant on precision-guided munitions, smart weapons making up 38 per cent of all bombs dropped in Operation Allied Force in 1999 compared to only nine per cent in the 1991 Gulf War. This article profiles the current precision-guided conventional air-to-surface munitions in the USAF inventory and looks at some of the weapons being procured to meet the needs of the 21st-century warfighter.
Paveway laser-guided bombs
The good old reliable Paveway series bombs have been the workhorse of the USAF's smart munition armoury since the Vietnam War. In the 1991 Gulf War, Bosnia, Kosovo and most recently in the middle east, Paveway-series bombs made up the majority of weapons employed.
The design of the weapon is relatively simple. Guidance seeker head and moveable fins are fitted to high-explosive bomb bodies. The bombs need to be tossed into a cone of air above the target so that the weapon follows a natural or ballistic trajectory towards the target. Once on its way to the target, the weapon's guidance head picks up laser light reflected off the target. A computer brain then passes instructions to fore and tail fins during the bomb's flight to keep the weapon aligned on the target. Targets can be designated by ground or airborne-targeting systems.
Raytheon's (formerly Texas Instruments) Paveway series has gone through a number of evolutions since the Paveway I weapons first saw action in Vietnam, largely replaced by Paveway II weapons that have pop-out tail fins. The current generation, Paveway III, features improved electronics to enhance accuracy, reliability and to allow employment from lower altitudes. They are often referred to by glide-bomb unit (GBU) designations, ranging from GBU-10 to GBU-28.
AGM-65 maverick
Another stalwart member of the USAF inventory is the AGM-65 Maverick missile that also has its origins in Vietnam. Over 800 were fired during the war in Kosovo.
The Maverick is guided to its target by the pilot of the launch aircraft who monitors the weapon's progress by means of images beamed into his ****pit by a seeker in the nose of the missile. Early missiles had simple television cameras that have been replaced by imaging infra-red sensors and laser homing seekers. Raytheon, formerly Hughes, claim a maximum range of 23km. USAF A-10A, F-15E and F-16 aircraft can employ the Maverick.
The AGM-65H/K will be the latest in the series. To take advantage of state-of-the-art sensor technology and to address reliability and maintainability concerns, the US Air Force and Raytheon are replacing existing TV sensors with charge-coupled-device (CCD) sensors to increase Maverick's reliability and service life. The CCD sensor permits the AGM-65 to operate in lower light levels than older TV sensors.
GBU-15/AGM-130 glide bomb
The GBU-15 modular guided-weapon system (MGWS) or glide bomb, first saw action during the 1991 Gulf War, although its parentage stretches back to the Vietnam-era HOBO weapon. The first versions used the same seeker system as the Maverick to allow the aircrew of the launch aircraft to guide the weapon to its target.
Rockwell (now Boeing) was contracted by the USAF to add a rocket motor to the GBU-15 to turn it into the AGM-130 missile with a range of about 24km. Deep penetrating warheads can be carried to allow so-called steep attacks against hardened or buried targets.
The AGM-130 was used for the first time in January 1999 against a target in Iraq and, according to the USAF, it was a weapon of choice during Operation Allied Force in Kosovo.
Enhanced GBU-15 (EGBU-15)
The USAF now has 1,200 more EGBU-15s, an enhanced version of the GBU-15 precision-guided air-to-surface weapon. This employs a Mk84 blast fragmentation or a BLU-109 penetrating bomb fitted with a set of aerodynamic control surfaces and either a TV or an imaging infra-red seeker head. The EGBU-15 has a nominal stand-off range of 10-20 nautical miles and lock-on-after-launch mode. A crash programme was ordered on 23 April 1999 to integrate an adverse weather capability into the GBU-15, accomplished through a two-phased approach to add GPS to existing GBU-15 inventory.
JDAM
The joint direct-attack munition (JDAM) is a new form of weapon, guided solely by signals from global positioning satellites (GPS). Like the Paveway series bombs, the Boeing JDAM is a kit consisting of guidance elements and fins. This allows normal dumb or iron bombs to be turned into smart weapons for less than $25,000 a piece. Series production is underway by Boeing to provide US services with 87,496 kits. During trials an accuracy of 9.6m circular error of probability (CEP) was achieved.
The 2,000lb weapon is designated the GBU-29 and the 1,000lb weapon the GBU-30. It is designed to be employed by all types of USAF combat aircraft. Around 650 JDAMs were dropped from Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit stealth bombers during the Kosovo conflict with a high degree of accuracy, prompting the USAF to accelerate production.
AGM-142 HAVE NAP
This is the USAF designation of the Israeli-designed Popeye missile that was purchased in the late 1980s to give the USAF's B-52 fleet a conventional precision-guided capability. It has a range of 93km.
The USAF has a number of upgrade proposals for the weapon, produced in the US by Lockheed Martin, including installing an improved imaging infra-red seeker, fitting a turbo jet and reducing its weight under the HAVE LITE programme.
The USAF precision-strike programme office has successfully completed a series of factory, shop, ground, captive carry and live launch tests with the latest AGM-142 software version (SWV 2.2). This resulted from unsatisfactory performance of two AGM-142s employed in support of Operation Allied Force.