Pháo phòng không-Quá khứ và thực tại

TUNGUSKA M1 LOW LEVEL AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM ​

Tunguska-M1 is a gun/missile system for low-level air defence. The system was designed by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau in Tula, Russia and is manufactured by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant, Ulyanovsk, Russia. It can engage targets while stationary and on the move, using missiles for long-range targets and guns for close-in defence. It is designed for defence against both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters and can also fire on ground targets.
Tunguska is in service with the Russian army and has also entered service with the Indian Army.

The Tunguska-M1 vehicle carries eight 9M311-M1 surface-to-air missiles. The missile (NATO designation SA-19 Grison) has semi-automatic radar command to line-of-sight guidance, weighs 40kg with a 9kg warhead. It is 2.5m long with a diameter of 1.7m and wingspan of 2.2m. The missile's maximum speed is 900m/s and can engage targets travelling at speeds up to 500m/s. Range is from 15 to 6,000m for ground targets and 15 to 10,000m for air targets.
Two twin-barrel 30mm anti-aircraft guns are mounted on the vehicle. These guns have a maximum firing rate of 5,000 rounds per minute and a range of 3,000m against air targets. This extends to 4,000m against ground targets.

The system has target acquisition radar and target tracking radar, optical sight, digital computing system, tilt angle measuring system and navigation equipment. Radar detection range is 18km and tracking range is 16km.

The Tunguska-M1 system is mounted on a 34t tracked vehicle with multi-fuel engine. It has hydromechanical transmission, hydropneumatic suspension which allows for changing road clearance and hydraulic track-tensioning. The armoured turret has both laying and stabilisation drives and power supply. Air-con***ioning, heating and filtration systems are fitted.
A Tunguska-M1 battery is composed of up to six vehicles and will also include a transloader as well as maintenance and training facilities.
The armoured turret has both laying and stabilisation drives and power supply. Air-con***ioning, heating and filtration systems are fitted. A Tunguska-M1 battery is composed of up to six vehicles and will also include a transloader as well as maintenance and training facilities.

TUNGUSKA M1 - SPECIFICATION
Combat vehicle weight: 34 tons
Maximum speed 65 km/hr
Crew 4
Armament missiles and guns
Ammunition load
9M311M1 missiles 8
30 mm rounds 1904
Guidance system radar/optical
Target detection range 18 km
Target tracking range 16 km
Target altitude
Missiles 15 - 10,000 m
Guns up to 3,000 m
Range
Missiles 15 - 6000 m
Guns 300 - 4000 m

Sau đây là một số loại pháo phòng không nổi tiếng được quân dân ta sử dụng trong hai cuộc kháng chiến chống Pháp và chống Mỹ.
Pháo phòng không 37mm M1939.
Pháo phòng không 37mm M1939 được đưa vào biên chế trong quân đội Hồng quân LX chỉ một thời gian ngắn sau khi chiến tranh nổ ra. Cấu tạo của pháo được thiết kế dựa trên cơ sở pháo Bofor 40mm của Mỹcủa quân Đồng minh thời kỳ này.Đây là sản phẩm do LA Loktev và M.N.Loginov thiết kế, tiến hành tại Viện nghiên cứu và chế tạo pháo số 8,thành phố Kalingrad.
Trên cở sở M1939, người trung Quốc tiến hành chế tạo và đặt tên là Type55, phiên bản cải tiến của nó là Type 65, đã được sử dụng tại cuộc chiến tranh Trung Đông, phục vụ trong biên chế quân đội Ai Cập.
Nhược điểm của pháo 37mm là nó chỉ hoạt động hiệu quả trong đièu kiện thời tiết tốt, tuy nhiên trong điều kiện Radar bị gây nhiễu thì pháo 37mm lại tỏ ra hữu hiệu vì nó không sử dụng Radar.
Hiện nay, pháo 37mm đã không còn tỏ ra hiệu quả trong việc chống lại các máy bay tiêm kích hiện đại do tính cơ động và tốc độ cao của chúng, hơn nữa pháo 37mm lại không phải là vũ khí tác chiến trong mọi điều kiện thời tiết,do đó, nó đang dần được thay thế và hiện không còn dự án nâng cấp hoặc chế tạo vũ khí này.
Một số tính năng của pháo 37mm:
-Tầm bắn hiệu quả: 2.499m, góc tà 45 độ là 1.768m,65 độ là 2.865m.
-Đạn tự huỷ ở độ cao 4.389m
-Cỡ nòng:37mm
-Độ dài của nòng:2,729m
-Nặng:2.100Kg(không có vỏ giáp)
-Độ dài tổng thể:6,036m
-Rộng:1,937m
-Cao:2,105m
-Góc tà:5-85 độ
-Tốc độ bắn:160-180 viên/phút
-Hộp đạn:5viên/hộp
-Số pháo thủ: 8 người
-Phương tiện chuyên chở: Xe Gaz-63
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The Observer

M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defense System​

The M163 is a self propelled variant of the General Dynamics 20mm M61 rotary cannon mounted in most US aircraft since the '60s used for air defense. Long the standard mobile light anti-aircraft gun of the US Army, the Vulcan's only limitation was that it could not cannot be used for night time operation. From 1984 many M163 were upgraded under the M163 PIVADS Product Improved Vulcan Air Defence System program. Modification include new linked digital fire-control computer with range-only radar, and adding the new APDS round which increases range to 2,600m. The ill-fated M247 SGT. YORK DIVAD (Division Air Defence gun) was born of the U.S. ARMY'S need for a state-of-the-art mobile Anti-Aircraft gun system to replace the ageing M163 20mm Vulcan A/A gun and M48 Chaparral missile systems. With the Mi-24 Hind attack helicopters of the Soviet Army being fitted with the longer range AT-6 SPIRAL Anti-tank missiles and twin barrelled 23mm cannon, and with the newer Mi-28 Havoc nearing deployment, it was obvious by the early 1980s that the M163 and M48 systems would be totally out-classed in any future conflict. The U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery (ADA) branch has retired its M163 Vulcan tracked and towed 20mm Gatling gun systems, replacing them with Avenger HMMWVs with Stinger SAMs.

Name M163
Crew 4 (Commander, gunner,loader, driver)
Combat Weight 27,478 lb
Hull length 16ft 2 in
Width 8ftn9 3/4 inch
Hight 8ft 8 3/4 inches
Ground Clearance 16 inches
Track Width 15 inh
Main Armamet M168 gun system consisisting of 6 x 20mm barrels grouped on a geared motor, firing 3,000 rounds per min .
Range antiair 5,249 ft, ground 3,281 yards
Sensors and Fire Control visual tracking and M^1A1 lead-computing gunsight. AV.VPS-2 radar supplies range and range rate, AN/TVS-2B night vision sight
Armor 5083 aluminum amor, 12-38mm) antimine amor on the bottom
Powerplant Detroit Diesel model 6V-53 215 HP water cooled 2 stroke V-6 disel engine, Allison TX-Automatic transmission with 6 forward/ 1 reverse gear
Spension Subension can be locked down during firing
Speed road 35mph, cross country 19mph, 3.6 mph in water 300 miles range
Obstacle Clearence vertical 2 ft , trench 5ft, 6in , amphibious

The Observer

M167 VADS Vulcan Air Defense System
The M167 VADS Vulcan Air Defense System, which has been withdrawn from service, was a towed short-range air defense gun intended to protect forward area combat elements and rear area critical assets. It also protected against lightly armored ground targets. The M167A2 VADS was a modified M167A1 VADS with an improved fire control subsystem. The improvement was obtained by replacing the disturbed reticle sight with a director reticle sight, the sight current generator with a digital processor, and the azimuth drive assembly with a harmonic drive. It also had an os bite implemented within the system's electronics.