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This is Science in the news, in VOA Special English. I ?~m Phoebe Zimmermann and I?Tm Bob Doughty.
On our program this week, we talk about an emotional or mental influence commonly called stress. We also tell about the effects of stress on peoplê?Ts health.
Many people in the United States suffered the emotional or mental problems after the terrorist attacks on Sep. 11th 2001. Terrorism creates fear and fear often leads to severe stress. Studies suggest that stress can reduce the body?Ts ability to fight disease and can lead to serious health problems.
Stress affects everybody everyday. It?Ts your body''s reaction to physical, chemical, emotional or environmental influences. Some stress is unavoidable and may even be good for us. Stress can keep our bodies and minds strong. It gives us the push we need to react to an urgent situations. Some people say it makes them more productive at work and give them more energy.
Too much stress, however, can be harmful. It may make an existing health problem worse or it can lead to other illnesses or disease if a person is at risk for the con***ion. For example, your body reacts to stressful situations by raising your blood pressure and making your heart work harder. This is especially dangerous if you already have heart disease or high blood pressure.
Stress is more likely to be harmful if you feel helpless to deal with the problem or the situation that causes the stress.
Anything you see as a problem can cause stress. It can be caused by everyday situations or by major problems. Stress results when something causes your body to act as if it were under attack
Causes of stress can be physical such as injury or illness. Or they can be mental such as problems with your family, job, health or finances. Many visits to doctors are for con***ions connected with stress. The tension of stress can interfere with sleep or cause uncontrollable anger or sadness. A person may become more forgetful or find it harder to think clearly. Losing onê?Ts sense of humor is another sign of an unhealthy amount of stress.
Stress can lead to other health problems if people try to ease it by smoking, drinking alcohol, taking drugs or by eating more or less than normal.
Chronic stress lasts a long time or happens often. Chronic stress causes the body to produce too much of the hormones Cortisol and Adrenalin.
Cortisol is called the worry hormone. It is produced when we are afraid. Adrenalin is known as a fight or flight hormone. It prepares the body to react physically to a threat.
Persons under chronic stress produce too much of these hormones for long periods. Too much Cortisol and Adrenalin can result in physical problems, and even changes that lead to stress-linked illnesses. Cortisol provides high levels of energy during important periods. However, scientists have become concerned about the hormone''s long- term affects on our health.
Evidence shows that extended periods of Cortisol in the body weakens bones, damages nerve cells in the brain. It also can weaken the body?Ts defense system against disease. This makes it easier to get viral and bacteria infections.
Chronic stress has been linked to high blood pressure and heart disease. Studies suggest that ppl who r easily stressed develop blockages in blood passageways (ch- này 'úng mà) faster than ppl who r calm...(continue...)
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Hơ hơ, mọi người lười type ghê . Tớ cũng chỉ gõ thêm được có từng này thôi.
Studies suggest that people who are easily stressed develop blockages in blood passageways faster than people who are calm.
A few years ago a study of women was carried out in Japan. It found that women who reported high levels of stress were more than 2 times as likely to die from stroke and heart disease as other women. High stress level has been found to cause as much as asthama that make it difficult to breathe. Stress is also linked to mental con***ions such as depression and anxiety disorders. Studies also have shown that chronic stress reduces the level of the hormone Estrogen in women. This may put some women at greater risks for heart disease or the bone thinning disease Osteoporosis.
Experts say long term stress can also weaken your resistance to infection such as colds and influenza as well as your ability to recover from the disease. Extended periods of stress are also linked to heartache, difficulty sleeping, stomach problems and skin problems.
Mental and health experts believe personality is an important part in how we experience stress. Personality is the way a person acts, views and thinks. Many things influence the development of a person?Ts personality, including genetics and experience. Some people, 4 example, are aggressive and always in a hurry. They often become angry when things do not happen the way they planned. They are called type A personality. Studies suggest that these people often get stress- related illnesses. The type B personality is a much more calm person. These people are able to deal with all kinds of situations more easily. As a result, they are less affected by stress.
Studies show that men and women deal with stress differently. Women usually have stronger social support systems to help them in time of trouble. These social supports may help explain why many women seem to be better able to deal with stress than men are. However, experts say women are 3 times more likely to develop depression in reaction to the stress in their lives.
Chronic stress is most common among people in the workplace, especially among women. Scientists studying stress in the workplace say many women are under severe stress because of the pressure of work, marriage and children. So experts say that pressure cause a chemical imbalance in the brain that can lead to depression. More than 30 mil American women suffer from depression. These problems are linked to the stress filled lives and and constant hurrying.
People who care for family members who are old or sick also suffer from high levels of stress.
Most caregivers in the United States are women. Several studies have been done on people who care for family members with asthma disease. The studies show that the caregivers have high Cortisol level in their body.

Sự thể là mọi người chỉ thích đi ''bát phố, ngắm hoa'' thoai. Bùn wé! Đếm tới đếm lui số người tham gia chưa đủ một bàn tay của tui. Kiểu này chắc cái topic của mình ''chết trẻ'' wá.
Mình lẻn vào đây mở topic này hi vọng học ''có bè có lũ'' cho đỡ lười, ai dè phát hiện ra mình chưa phải là lười nhất.
Mà bác mattomatnho nếu ''bị'' type hoài, mỏi tay wá có khi bác í sợ wé chùn lun thì hỏng. Mọi người cùng tham gia nhé, mỗi người 1 đoạn thôi cũng đc, chỗ nào thiếu thì để ba chấm, người khác vào sẽ điền vô.

Bác thông cảm, em cũng thik cái topic của bác lém. Hôm trước em cũng type được một đoạn rồi cơ mà giờ đang thi cử trâu quá bác ạ. Bác cứ post bài lên rồi đợi hết tháng 5 em type cùng bác.
Hehhe, thế nhá bác Maroon. Thôi em đi học cái đã, nước đến chân ko bít nhảy có kip không

Tớ nghe còn kém, mà viết cũng kém, vào đây học tập đã, bao giờ khá hơn tớ sẽ viết
Mọi người chỉ giáo thêm tớ mí

Hi all!
Đây lầ lần đầu tiên tớ tham gia diễn đàn này! Trình độ nghe của tớ còn hạn chế lắm . Tuy nhiên để cổ động cho chủ đề này, tớ cũng xin post phần còn lại của bài listening này. . Mong các bác e*** cho nhé!
This really weanken their natural defences againts diseases. For example, one study in the U.S found that women who care for family members with all asthma to can evarage of nine days longer of heel a small wound, it also shown that the blood cells from the caregivers produce lower amount of subtances that are important for heeling and for fighting diseases.
Experts say there are several ways to deal with stress. They include de-breathing, and a method of guided thought for me***ation. They also include exersice, eating ? food, getting enough grapes, and balancing the time spent working and play. Doctors say, peple should limit the amounts of alcohol and caffein in their diets. People who have many drinks with caffein like coffee, experience more stress, and produce more stress hocmons. Experts say exercise is one of the most effective stress reduction method. Running, walking or playing sports causes physical changes but making (???) feel better.
Exercise also improves the body defences againts disease. And a recent study found they did help protect againts stay degree in mental ability. Doctors said this slow regime also is helpful and many medical studies have shown that killing their minds through quiet me***ation helps us become calm. This causes lower blood pressure we do much of attention and decrease heartache.
Doctors say keeping stress through yourself can make problems worse. The seaches can linked be in-ability to identify and express emotions to many health con***ions. These include eating disorders, fear disorders and high blood pressure. They say expressing emotions to friends or familiy members or writing down your feelings can help reduce stress. Experts said people should try to accept or change stressful situations whenever possible. Reducing of tress may help you think better and live longer.