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Cuốn số 7:
Digital communication receivers
Preface
This book is about receiversf or digital communicationsT. he word digital carries a
double meaning. It refers to the fact that information is transported in digital form.
It also refers to the property of the receiver to retrieve the transmitted information,
apart from the analog front end, entirely by means of digital signal processing.
The ever-increasingd emandf or mobile and portable communicationu ltimately
calls for optimally utilizing the available bandwidth. This goal is only attainable by
digital communication systems capable of operating close to the information theoretic
limits. The implementation of such systems has been made possible by the
enormous progress in semiconductor technology which allows the communication
engineer to economically implement ?osystems on silicon? which execute:
1. Advanced compression algorithms to drastically reduce the bit rate required to
represent a voice or video signal with high quality.
2. Sophisticated algorithms in the receiver for power control, channel estimation,
synchronization, equalization, and decoding.
3. Complex protocols to manage traffic in networks.
4. User-friendly graphical man-machine interfaces.
Seen from a different perspective we argue that the communication engineer today
can trade the familiar physical performance measures bandwidth and power
eficiency for signal processingc omplexity.A s a consequencet,h e design process
is characterized by a close interaction of architecture and algorithm design, as
opposed to a separation between theory and implementation in the tra***ional
way.
This book differs substantially from other texts in communication engineering in
the selection and treatment of topics. We focus on channel estimation, synchronization,
and digital signal processing. In most books on digital communications, synchronization
and channele stimationa re addressedo nly superficially, if at all. This
must give the reader the impression that these tasks are trivial and that the error performance
is always close to the limiting case of perfect channel knowledge and synchronization.
However, this is a most unfortunate misconception for the following
reasons:
1. Error performance: Synchronization and channel estimation are critical to error
performance;
2. Design effort: A large amount of design time is spent in solving these problems;
3. Implementation: A very large portion of the receiver
dedicated to synchronization and channel estimation.
hardware and software is
In our endeavour to write this book we have set the following goals. First, we
have made an effort to systematically structure the information on these topics to
make it accessibleto the communicatione ngineer,a nd secondw, e hope to convince
the reader that channel estimation and synchronization algorithms can be developed
very elegantly using mathematical estimation theory. By this we hope *****pply the
reader not only with a collection of results but to provide an elegant mathematical
tool to solve design problems.
The book falls naturally into four major parts. Following the introduction (Part
A), Part B is devoted to mathematical background material. Part C is concerned
with baseband communication. Part D deals with passband communication over
time variant channels.P art E addressestr ansmissiono ver fading channels.T he
structuring of the material according to types of channels is motivated by the fact
that the receiver is always designed for a given channel. For example, the engineer
designing a clock recovery circuit for a fiber-optical channel receiver does not need
to worry about channel estimation algorithms for fading channels.
BASIC MATERIAL
The purpose of this part of the book is to provide a concise treatment of those topics
in random process theory, signal analysis, and estimation theory that are used later
on in the book. It is not intendeda s a replacementf or formal coursesi n theset opics
but might servet o fill in a limited numbero f gapsi n the reader?Tsk nowledge.F or the
mathematically versed reader it serves as a quick summary of results and introduction
to the notation used.
BASEBAND COMMUNICATION
There are four sections in this part. Section 2.1 provides an introduction to baseband
communication with emphasis on high data rate applications. We discuss the practically
important topic of line coding which is often ignored in more theoretically inclined
books on communication theory. Section 2.2 provides a classification of
clock recovery circuits and the disturbancesw hich impair the performanceo f such
circuits. The next two sections (2.3 and 2.4) are devoted to an in-depth treatment of
the two main classeso f clock recoveryc ircuits. We discusst he differencesa nd commonalities
of error feedback synchronizers (Section 2.3) and spectral line generating
synchronizers (Section 2.4). We also study the effect of jitter accumulation in a
chain of repeatersI.n section2 .5 we analyzei n detail the performanceo f three practically
important synchronizersT. he influenceo f different disturbancess ucha s selfnoise
and ad***ive noise are discussed. Self-noise reducing techniques, which are
crucial when clock recoveryc ircuits are cascadeda, re described.
PASSBAND COMMUNICATION OVER TIME INVARIANT CHANNELS
Chapter3 briefly reviewst he fundamentalso f passbandtr ansmissiono ver a time invariant
channel. In Chapter 4 the optimum maximum-likelihood receiver is rigorously
derived. We differ from the usual treatment of the subject by deriving a fully
digital receiver structure, comprising digital matched filter, interpolator, variable
rate decimator, and carrier phase rotator. While the optimal receiver is clearly nonrealizable,
i t forms the basisf or suitablea pproximationsle adingt o practical receiver
structures,t he key issueb eing the principle of synchronizedd etection.I n Chapter
5 estimation theory is used to systematically derive algorithms for timing and carrier
phase synchronization. Chapter 6 is concerned with performance analysis of synchronizers.
We derive lower bounds on the variance of synchronization parameter
estimates. These bounds serve as a benchmark for practical synchronizers. The
tracking performance of carrier and symbol synchronizers is analyzed in Section
6.3. Nonlinear phenomena, such as acquisition and cycle slips, are discussed in
Section 6.4. Chapter 7 derives the bit error rate performance degradation as function
of the carrier phase and timing error variance for practically important modulation
formats. Chapter 8 is concerned with the derivation of digital algorithms for
frequency estimation and the performance analysis of these algorithms. Chapter 9
discussesti ming recoveryb y interpolationa nd controlled decimation.C hapter 10 is
devoted to implementation. We address the design methodology and CAD tools. A
recently completedD VB (Digital Video Broadcasting)A SIC chip design servesa s
a case study to illustrate the close interaction between algorithm and architecture
design.
COMMUNICATION OVER FADING CHANNELS
Chapter 11 gives an introduction to fading channels. Starting with time-continuous
and discrete-equivalenftl at and selectivef ading channelm odels,t he statisticalc haracterization
of fading channels as well as techniques of modeling and simulation of
discrete-equivalenfta ding channelsa re discussedC. hapter 12 is concernedw ith the
fundamentals of detection and parameter synchronization on fading channels.
Basedo n mathematicalt ransmissionm odels,o ptimal estimation-detectionre ceiver
structures for joint detection and synchronization are derived. Chapter 13 presents
realizable receiver structures for synchronized detection on flat and selective fading
channelsT. he concepto f outer and inner receiversi s reviewed,w ith emphasiso n the
role of diversity. Inner receiver structures, particularly suited for serial or TDMAlike
channela ccessa, re discussedfo r both flat and selectivef ading channels,d etailing
on decision metric computation and preprocessing of the received signal. A
brief extension to CDMA systems concludes the chapter. Parameter synchronization
for flat fading channels is the topic of Chapter 14. Algorithms for non-data-aided
(NDA), decision-directed( DD), and data-aided( DA) flat fading channele stimation
and their performance are discussed in detail. In Chapter 15 adaptive
algorithms for NDA/DD selective fading channel estimation, as well as methods of
DA snapshoat cquisitiona nd channeli nterpolation,a rep resenteda nd discussedB. it
error results, both for uncoded and coded transmission, and a comparison between
NDALDD and DA performance conclude this final chapter.
We invite commentso r questionsr egardingt he text to be sentt o us at the following
email addressesm: eyr@ert.rwth-aachen.defe, chtel@hl.siemens.dem, m@lci.
rug.ac.be.
POST SCRIPT
This book was intended as a companion volume to Synchronization In Digital
Communicationsb, y H. Meyr and G. Ascheid,p ublishedb y Wiley in 1990.I n writing
this book we increasingly felt that the 1990 title did not adequately describe the
content,a nd so the title of this volume was changed.N everthelessw, hen we speak
of Volume 1, we refer to the 1990 publication.
Aachen, Germany
August I997
I~EINRICH MEYR
MARCMOENECLAEY
STEFAN A. FECHTEL
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Cuốn số 11:

Adaptive WCDMA​

Preface
This book builds a bridge between the theory and practice in the field of Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. A joint effort from the research and
academia communities has generated a significant amount of result in this field, providing
a solid platform for the technology to be accepted as standard for physical layer of the
third generation (3G) of mobile communications.
On one side, science is pushing toward more and more complex solutions. On the
other hand, practice is forced to compromise between the complexity, reliability, cost,
power consumption, size of the terminal, compatibility with the existing infrastructure
and time to the market, and accept those solutions that offer the best combination of
these parameters.
The focus of the book is on the implementation losses characterizing the system degradation
due to imperfect implementation. This will give a picture of how much of the
performance promised by theory should be expected in practical solutions based on a
given technology that is not perfect, but has finite cost, power consumption, size and
so on.
To estimate these losses, the current practice is predominantly to rely on large-scale
simulations that simulate all possible situations in the environment (channel) and system
operation. These simulations are consuming significant computational time and human
resources and are producing results that are difficult to systematically analyze and interpret.
By emphasizing the need for system sensitivity modeling that takes into account a
number of implementation imperfections, the book will inspire ad***ional effort in combining
theory and practice resulting in a common platform for the definition of the ?~best
solution?T.
The material in the book is based on the author?Ts experience in research and teaching
courses in this area at universities and in industry. It is hoped that the selected material
will help the readers to understand the main issues related to WCDMA, its potential and
limitations and why specific solutions were chosen for the 3G standard. The book also provides
a significant amount of material related to further developments and improvements
in this field (beyond 3G), especially the segments on adaptive WCDMA and modifications
for implementations in ad hoc networks.
The book can be used for undergraduate and postgraduate courses at universities as
well as for training in industry. The material covers physical and higher layers in the
network, especially adaptive radio resource management and access control. More precise
suggestions for the course material selection is given in Chapter 1 of the book.
This book is devoted to my students from Finland, Europe, United States and Canada,
Asia and Australia.
Oulu, 2002 Savo G. Glisic
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