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102) Elements of photonics Vols 1 & 2
PREFACE
After visiting leading optics laboratories for the purpose of producing the educational
video Fiber Optic Labs from Around the World for the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE), I soon realized there was a short supply of photonics
textbooks to accommodate the growing demand for photonics engineers and evolving
fiber-optic products. This textbook was written to help fill this need.
From my teaching experiences at Harvard University and the University of Toronto,
I learned a great deal about what students want in a textbook. For instance, students
hate messy mathematical expressions that hide the physical meaning. They want explanations
that start from the very basics, yet maintain simplicity and succinctness. Most
students do not have a lot of time to spend reading and looking up references, so they
value a well-organized text with everything at their fingertips. Furthermore, a textbook
with a generous allotment of numerical examples helps them better understand the
material and gives them greater confidence in tackling challenging problem sets. This
book was written with the student in mind.
The book amalgamates fundamentals with applications and is appropriate as a text
for a fourth year undergraduate course or first year graduate course. Students need
not have a previous knowledge of optics, but college physics and mathematics are
prerequisites.
Elements of Photonics is comprised of two volumes. Even though cohesiveness
between the two volumes is maintained, each volume can be used as a stand-alone
textbook.
Volume I is devoted to topics that apply to propagation in free space and special
media such as anisotropic crystals. Chapter 1 begins with a description of Fourier
optics, which is used throughout the book, followed by applications of Fourier optics
such as the properties of lenses, optical image processing, and holography.
Chapter 2 deals with evanescent waves, which are the basis of diffraction unlimited
optical microscopes whose power of resolution is far shorter than a wavelength of
light.
Chapter 3 covers the Gaussian beam, which is the mode of propagation in free-space
optical communication. Topics include Bessel beams characterized by an unusually
long focal length, optical tweezers useful for manipulating microbiological objects like
DNA, and laser cooling leading to noise-free spectroscopy.
Chapter 4 explains how light propagates in anisotropic media. Such a study is important
because many electrooptic and acoustooptic crystals used for integrated optics are
anisotropic. Only through this knowledge can one properly design integrated optics
devices.
Chapter 5 comprehensively treats external field effects, such as the electrooptic
effect, elastooptic effect, magnetooptic effect, and photorefractive effect. The treatment
includes solid as well as liquid crystals and explains how these effects are
applied *****ch integrated optics devices as switches, modulators, deflectors, tunable
filters, tunable resonators, optical amplifiers, spatial light modulators, and liquid crystal
television.
Chapter 6 deals with the state of polarization of light. Basic optical phenomena such
as reflection, refraction, and deflection all depend on the state of polarization of the
light. Ways of converting light to the desired state of polarization from an arbitrary
state of polarization are explained.
Chapter 7 explains methods of constructing and using the Poincar´e sphere. The
Poincar´e sphere is an elegant tool for describing and solving polarization problems in
the optics laboratory.
Chapter 8 covers the phase conjugate wave. The major application is for optical
image processing. For example, the phase conjugate wave can correct the phasefront
distorted during propagation through a disturbing medium such as the atmosphere. It
can also be used for reshaping the light pulse distorted due to a long transmission
distance inside the optical fiber.
Volume II is devoted to topics that apply to fiber and integrated optics.
Chapter 9 explains how a lightwave propagates through a planar optical guide,
which is the foundation of integrated optics. The concept of propagation modes is
fully explored. Cases for multilayer optical guides are also included.
Chapter 10 is an extension of Chapter 9 and describes how to design a rectangular
optical guide that confines the light two dimensionally in the x and y directions. Various
types of rectangular optical guides used for integrated optics are compared. Electrode
configurations needed for applying the electric field in the desired direction are also
summarized.
Chapter 11 presents optical fibers, which are the key components in optical communication
systems. Important considerations in the choice of optical fibers are attenuation
during transmission and dispersion causing distortion of the light pulse. Such specialpurpose
optical fibers as the dispersion-shifted fiber, polarization-preserving fiber,
diffraction grating imprinted fiber, and dual-mode fiber are described. Methods of
cabling, splicing, and connecting multifiber cables are also touched on.
Chapter 12 contains a description of light detectors for laboratory as well as communication
uses. Mechanisms for converting the information conveyed by photons into
their electronic counterparts are introduced. Various detectors, such as the photomultiplier
tube, the photodiode, and the avalanche photodiode, and various detection
methods, such as direct detection, coherent detection, homodyne detection, and detection
by stimulated Brillouin scattering, are described and their performance is compared
for the proper choice in a given situation.
Chapter 13 begins with a brief review of relevant topics in quantum electronics,
followed by an in-depth look at optical amplifiers. The optical amplifier has revolutionized
the process of pulse regeneration in fiber-optic communication systems. The
chapter compares two types of optical amplifier: the semiconductor optical amplifier
and the erbium-doped fiber amplifier. Knowledge gained from the operation of a single
fiber amplifier is applied to the analysis of concatenated fiber amplifiers.
Chapter 14 is devoted to lasers, which is a natural extension of the preceding chapter
on optical amplifiers. The chapter begins with an overview of different types of lasers,
followed by an in-depth treatment of semiconductor lasers, which are the preferred light
sources for most fiber-optic communication systems. The basic relationship among the
laser structure, materials, and operational characteristics are clarified. The ability to tune
the laser wavelength, which is indispensible to the wavelength division multiplexing
of the communication system, is addressed. The quantum well, quantum wire, and
quantum dot laser diodes that have low threshold current and hence a high upper limit
on the modulation frequency are also included. The erbium-doped or Raman fiber
lasers that are simple in structure and easy to install in an optical fiber system are also
explained.
In Chapter 15, an introduction to the nonlinear (Kerr) effect is presented. Optical
devices based on the Kerr effect are controlled by photons and can respond much
faster than those controlled by electrons. The chapter also provides the mechanism of
formation of a soliton wave. A light pulse that propagates in an optical fiber spreads
due to the dispersion effect of the fiber, but as the intensity of the pulse is increased,
the nonlinear effect of the fiber starts to generate a movement directed toward the
center of the light pulse. When these two counteracting movements are balanced, a
soliton wave pulse that can propagate distortion-free over thousands of kilometers is
formed. The attraction of distortion-free pulse propagation is that it can greatly reduce,
or even eliminate, the need for pulse regenerators (repeaters) in long-haul fiber-optic
communication systems.
Chapter 16 interweaves the design skills developed throughout the book with realistic
problems in fiber-optic communication systems.
The problems at the end of each chapter are an integral part of the book and
supplement the explanations in the text.
As a photonics textbook, each volume would be sufficient for a two-semester course.
If time is really limited, Chapter 16 alone can serve as a crash course in fiber-optic
communication systems and will give the student a good initiation to the subject.
For those who would like to specialize in optics, I highly recommend reading
through each volume, carefully and repeatedly. Each chapter will widen your horizon
of optics that much more. You will be amazed to discover how many new applications
are born by adding a touch of imagination to a fundamental concept.
This two-volume work has been a long time in the making. I applaud Beatrice Shube,
and George Telecki and Rosalyn Farkas of John Wiley & Sons for their superhuman
patience. Sections of the manuscript went through several iterations of being written,
erased, and then rewritten. As painstaking as this process was, the quality of the
manuscript steadily improved with each rewrite.
I am very grateful to Professor Joseph W. Goodman of Stanford University who
first suggested I publish my rough lecture notes in book form.
I am indebted especially to Mary Jean Giliberto, who spent countless hours proofreading
the text, smoothing the grammatical glitches, and checking equations and
numerical examples for completeness and accuracy. I greatly valued her comments
and perspective during our many marathon discussions. This book was very much a
partnership, in which she played a key role.
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Yi Fan Li, who provided much input to
Chapter 15 on nonlinear optics, and Professor Subbarayan Pasupathy of the University
of Toronto and Professor Alfred Wong of the University of California, Los Angeles,
who critically read one of the appendixes. Frankie Wing Kei Cheng has double-checked
the equations and calculations of the entire book.
I would also like to acknowledge the following students, who went through the
manuscript very critically and helped to refine it: Claudio Aversa, Hany H. Loka,
Benjamin Wai Chan, Soo Guan Teh, Rob James, Christopher K. L. Wah, and Megumi
Iizuka.
Lena Wong?Ts part in typing the entire manuscript should not be underestimated. I
also owe my gratidue to Linda Espeut for retyping the original one-volume manuscript
into the current two-volume manuscript. I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to my
wife, Yoko, and children, Nozomi, Izumi, Megumi, and Ayumi, for their kind sacrifices.
Ayumi Iizuka assisted in designing the cover of the book.
KEIGO IIZUKA
University of Toronto
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15) Signal analysis
Preface
A central goal in signal analysis is to extract information from signals that are
related to real-world phenomena. Examples are the analysis of speech, images,
and signals in medical or geophysical applications. One reason for analyzing
such signals is to achieve better understanding of the underlying physical
phenomena. Another is to find compact representations of signals which
allow compact storage or efficient transmission of signals through real-world
environments. The methods of analyzing signals are wide spread and range
from classical Fourier analysis to various types of linear time-frequency transforms
and model-based and non-linear approaches. This book concentrates on
transforms, but also gives a brief introduction to linear estimation theory and
related signal analysis methods. The text is self-contained for readers with
some background in system theory and digital signal processing, as typically
gained in undergraduate courses in electrical and computer engineering.
The first five chapters of this book cover the classical concepts of signal
representation, including integral and discrete transforms. Chapter 1 contains
an introduction to signals and signal spaces. It explains the basic tools
for classifying signals and describing their properties. Chapter 2 gives an
introduction to integral signal representation. Examples are the Fourier,
Hartley and Hilbert transforms. Chapter 3 discusses the concepts and tools
for discrete signal representation. Examples of discrete transforms are given
in Chapter 4. Some of the latter are studiedc omprehensively,w hile others are
only briefly introduced, to a level required in the later chapters. Chapter 5 is
dedicated to the processing of stochastic processes using discrete transforms
and model-based approaches. It explains the Karhunen-Lobve transform and
the whitening transform, gives an introduction to linear estimation theory
and optimal filtering, and discusses methods of estimating autocorrelation
sequences and power spectra.
The final four chapters of this book are dedicated to transforms that
provide time-frequency signal representations. In Chapter 6, multirate filter
banks are considered. They form the discrete-time variant of time-frequency
transforms. The chapter gives an introduction to the field and provides an
overview of filter design methods. The classical method of time-frequency
analysis is the short-time Fourier transform, which is discussed in Chapter 7.
This transform was introduced by Gabor in 1946 and is used in many applications,
especially in the form of spectrograms. The most prominent example
of linear transforms with time-frequencylo calization is the wavelet transform.
This transform attracts researchers from almost any field of science, because
it has many useful features: a time-frequency resolution that is matched to
many real-world phenomena, a multiscale representation, and a very efficient
implementation based on multirate filter banks. Chapter 8 discusses the
continuous wavelet transform, the discrete wavelet transform, and the wavelet
transform of discrete-time signals. Finally, Chapter 9 is dedicated to quadratic
time-frequency analysis tools like the Wigner distribution, the distributions
of Cohenâ?Ts class, and the Wigner-Ville spectrum.
The history of this book is relatively long. It started in 1992 when
I produced the first lecture notes for courses on signal theory and linear
time-frequency analysis at the Hamburg University of Technology, Germany.
Parts of the material were included in a thesis (â?oHabilitationsschriftâ?) that I
submitted in 1994. In 1996, the text was published as a textbook on Signal
Theory in German. This book appeareidn a series on Information Technology,
e***ed by Prof. Norbert J. Fliege and published by B.G. Teubner, Stuttgart,
Germany. It was Professor Fliege who encouraged me to write the book, and I
would like to thank him for that and for his support throughout many years.
The present book is mainly a translation of the original German. However, I
have rearranged some parts, expanded some of the chapters, and shortened
others in order to obtain a more homogeneous and self-contained text. During
the various stages, from thefi rst lecture notes,o ver the German manuscript to
the present book, many people helpedm e by proofreading and commenting on
the text. Marcus Benthin, Georg Dickmann, Frank Filbir, Sabine Hohmann,
Martin Schonle, Frank Seide, Ursula Seifert, and Jens Wohlers read portions
of the German manuscript. Their feedback significantly enhanced the quality
of the manuscript. My sister, Inge Mertins-Obbelode, translated the text
from German into English and also proofread the new material that was not
included in the German book. Tanja Karp and JorgK liewer went through the
chapters on filter banks and wavelets, respectively, in the English manuscript
and made many helpful suggestions. Ian Burnett went through a complete
draft of the present text and made many suggestions that helped to improve
the presentation. I would like to thank them all. Without their effort and
enthusiasm this project would not have been realizable.
Alfred Mertins
Wollongong, December 1998
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àh mà cty anh có tuyể nhân viên ko thế

[blue]Có đấy, nhưng lĩnh vực kinh doanh dịch vụ thôi. HIX, học điện tử viễn thông ra (master), nhưng chửa làm kỹ thuật ngày nào cả. Lục lại trong đống CD thấy vẫn còn tài liệu nên post lên cho mọi người xem đỡ phí.

16) Adaptive filtering and change detection
Preface
This book is rather broad in that it covers many disciplines regarding both
mathematical tools (algebra, calculus, statistics) and application areas (airborne,
automotive, communication and standard signal processing and automatic
control applications). The book covers all the theory an applied engineer
or researcher can ask for: from algorithms with complete derivations,
their properties to implementation aspects. Special emphasis has been placed
on examples, applications with real data and case studies for illustrating the
ideas and what can be achieved. There are more than 130 examples, of which
at least ten are case studies that are reused at several occasions in the book.
The practitioner who wants to get a quick solution to his problem may try
the â?~student approachâ?T to learning, by studying standard examples and using
pattern recognition to match them to the problem at hand.
There is a strong connection to MATLABTM There is an accompanying
toolbox, where each algorithm in the book is implemented as one function, each
example is one demo, and where algorithm design, tuning, testing and learning
are all preferably done in the graphical user interface. A demo version of
the toolbox is available to download from the URL http: //m. sigmoid. se.
The demo toolbox makes it possible to reproduce all examples in the book
in a simple way, for instance by typing book( â?Texl. 7 â?T 1, so all 250 figures
or so are completely reproducible. Further, it might be instructive to tune
the design parameters and compare different methods! The toolbox works
under MATLABTM , but to some extent also under the freeware clone Octave.
From the home page, exercises can be downloaded, about half of which concern
computer simulations, where the toolbox is useful. Further information can be
foundontheURLshttp://www.wiley.co.uk/commstech/gustafsson.html
andhttp://www.comsys.isy.liu.se/books/adfilt.
It might be interesting to note that the toolbox and its structure came
before the first plans of writing a book. The development of the toolbox
started during a sabbatical visit at Newcastle University 1993. The outline
and structure of the book have borrowed many features from the toolbox.
This book was originally developed during several courses with major revisions
in between them: mini-courses at the Nordic Matlab Conference 1997
(50 participants), a course at SAAB during summer 1998 (25 participants),
ABB Corporate Research September 1998 (10 participants), and a graduate
course for the graduate school Ecsel at Linkoping University 1998 and 1999
(25 participants). Parts of the material have been translated into Swedish for
the model-based part of a book on Digital Signal Processing, where about 70
undergraduate students participate each year at Linkoping University.
My interest in this area comes from two directions: the theoretical side, beginning
with my thesis and studies/lecturing in control theory, signalp rocessing
and mathematical statistics; and the practical side, from the applications
I have been in contact with. Many of the examples in this book come from
academic and professional consulting. A typical example of the former starts
with an email request on a particular problem, where my reply is â?oGive me
representative data and a background description, and Iâ?Tll provide you with
a good filterâ?. Many of the examples herein are the result of such informal
contacts. Professionally, I have consulted for the automotive and aerospace
industries, and for the Swedish defense industry. There are many industries
that have raised my interest in this area and fruitfully contributed to a set
of benchmark examples. In particular, I would like to mention Volvo Car,
SAAB Aircraft, SAAB Dynamics, ABB Corporate Research, Ericsson Radio,
Ericsson Components and Ericsson-SAAB Avionics. In ad***ion, a number of
companies and helpful contacts are acknowledged at the first appearance of
each real-data example. The many industrial contacts, acquired during the
supervision of some 50 masterâ?Ts theses, at least half of them in target tracking
and navigation, have also been a great source of inspiration.
My most challenging task at the time of finishing this book is to participate
in bringing various adaptive filters and change detectors into vehicular
systems. For NIRA Dynamics http: //www.niradynamics . se), I have published
a number of patents on adaptive filters, Kalman filters and change
detection, which are currently in the phase of implementation and evaluation.
Valuable comments and proof reading are gratefully acknowledged to many
of the course attendants, my colleagues and co-authors. There are at least 30
people who have contributed to the errata sheets during the years. I have
received a substantial number of constructive comments that I believe improved
the content. In general, the group of automatic control has a quite
general competence area that has helped me a lot, for instance with cresting
a Latex style file that satisfies me. In particular, in alphabetical order,
I wish to mention Dr. Niclas Bergman, Dr. Fredrik Gunnarsson, Dr. Johan
Hellgren, Rickard Karlsson MSc, Dr. Magnus Larsson, Per-Johan Nordlund
MSc, Lic. Jan Palmqvist, Niclas Persson MSc, Dr. Predrag Pucar, Dr. Anders
Stenman, Mikael Tapio MSc, Lic. Fredrik Tjarnstrom and MAns Ostring MSc.
My co-authors of related articles are also acknowledged, from some of these I
have rewritten some material.
Finally, a project of this kind would not be possible without the support of
an understanding family. Iâ?Tm indebted to Lena and to my daughters, Rebecca
and Erica. Thanks for letting me take your time!
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5*, tiếp tục nhá, Thks

Tks!
17) Recurrent neural networks for prediction
Preface
New technologies in engineering, physics and biomedicine are creating problems in
which nonstationarity, nonlinearity, uncertainty and complexity play a major role.
Solutions to many of these problems require the use of nonlinear processors, among
which neural networks are one of the most powerful. Neural networks are appealing
because they learn by example and are strongly supported by statistical and optimisation
theories. They not only complement conventional signal processing techniques,
but also emerge as a convenient alternative to expand signal processing horizons.
The use of recurrent neural networks as identifiers and predictors in nonlinear
dynamical systems has increased significantly. They can exhibit a wide range of
dynamics, due to feedback, and are also tractable nonlinear maps.
In our work, neural network models are considered as massively interconnected
nonlinear adaptive filters. The emphasis is on dynamics, stability and spatio-temporal
behaviour of recurrent architectures and algorithms for prediction. However, wherever
possible the material has been presented starting from feedforward networks and
building up to the recurrent case.
Our objective is to offer an accessible self-contained research monograph which can
also be used as a graduate text. The material presented in the book is of interest to
a wide population of researchers working in engineering, computing, science, finance
and biosciences. So that the topics are self-contained, we assume familiarity with
the basic concepts of analysis and linear algebra. The material presented in Chapters
1?"6 can serve as an advanced text for courses on neural adaptive systems. The
book encompasses tra***ional and advanced learning algorithms and architectures for
recurrent neural networks. Although we emphasise the problem of time series prediction,
the results are applicable to a wide range of problems, including other signal
processing configurations such as system identification, noise cancellation and inverse
system modelling. We harmonise the concepts of learning algorithms, embedded systems,
representation of memory, neural network architectures and causal?"noncausal
dealing with time. A special emphasis is given to stability of algorithms ?" a key issue
in real-time applications of adaptive systems.
This book has emerged from the research that D. Mandic has undertaken while
at Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK. The work
was continued within the vibrant culture of the University of East Anglia, Norwich,
UK.
Acknowledgements
Danilo Mandic acknowledges Dr M. Razaz for providing a home from home in the
Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Information Systems, University of East Anglia.
Many thanks to the people from the lab for creating a congenial atmosphere at work.
The Dean of the School of Information Systems, Professor V. Rayward-Smith and
his predecessor Dr J. Glauert, deserve thanks for their encouragement and support.
Dr M. Bozic has done a tremendous job on proofreading the mathematics. Dr W. Sherliker
has contributed greatly to Chapter 10. Dr D. I. Kim has proofread the mathematically
involved chapters. I thank Dr G. Cawley, Dr M. Dzamonja, Dr A. James
and Dr G. Smith for proofreading the manuscript in its various phases. Dr R. Harvey
has been of great help throughout. Special thanks to my research associates I. Krcmar
and Dr R. Foxall for their help with some of the experimental results. H. Graham
has always been at hand with regard to computing problems. Many of the results
presented here have been achieved while I was at Imperial College, where I greatly
benefited from the unique research atmosphere in the Signal Processing Section of the
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
Jonathon Chambers acknowledges the outstanding PhD researchers with whom he
has had the opportunity to interact, they have helped so much towards his orientation
in adaptive signal processing. He also acknowledges Professor P. Watson, Head of
the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, who
has provided the opportunity to work on the book during its later stages. Finally,
he thanks Mr D. M. Brookes and Dr P. A. Naylor, his former colleagues, for their
collaboration in research projects.
Danilo Mandic
Jonathon Chambers
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