Súng và đạn

Peabody - Henry - Martini
Một loại súng trường cho quân đội của thế kỷ 19 có cơ cấu kích nổ khác là loại Peabody. Một số biến thể khác được biết đến nhiều do Martini và Henry chế tạo.
The Peabody rifle was the development of Henry O. Peabody of Boston, Massachusetts and initially patented in 1862, but fully developed too late to play any major role in the US Civil War. The basic patent relates to a heavy pivoting breech block, the front of which pivots down around a transverse fixed pin fixed through both the upper rear of the breech block and through the upper rear of the solidly built box receiver. Lowering the front of the breech block allows access to the chamber from above but, when elevated closed, transfers the force of firing to the rear of the receiver housing. In early models, the breech block was lowered via a handle above the wrist, e.g., the Roberts conversions of the US Springfield rifles and some British Enfield rifles. Later, this operation was moved to a lever under the action.
The Martini-Henry should more properly be called the Peabody-Martini-Henry as it is actually the Peabody pattern modified to a self-****ing hammerless design through the work (and patent) of Friederich von Martini of Frauenfeld, Switzerland, and the rifling design of Edinburgh gunmaker Alexander Henry (which rifling itself is a modification of Joseph Whitworth''''s work) .
It is fitted with a 2-piece stock, the forestock affixed with conventional barrel bands, the buttstock mounted to the back of the receiver with a massive screw running from beneath the buttplate to the receiver back.

Loại súng này được phổ biến tại khá nhiều quốc gia : Anh, Rumani, Tây Ban Nha, Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, Brasil , .. ..
Có thể nhận thấy hai nhóm chính : có phần kích hoạt kim hoả nằm ngoài và nằm trong thân súng.





Một đặc điểm nhận dạng sự khác nhau :

Một đặc điểm riêng khác của loại Peabody là cơ cấu kim hoả :










Cùng một kiểu, nhưng hơi khác đi :



Và đạn :

Được thoky sửa chữa / chuyển vào 09:29 ngày 24/08/2004

Falling block
Quay lại về thời gian một chút xíu và liên quan đến vấn đề đạn.
Ta đã biết : trước khi sử dụng đạn có vỏ kim loại, các loại súng được nạp đạn từ phía đầu nòng. Nhưng không hoàn toàn có sự thay đổi ngay lập tức như vậy : có một số kiểu súng sử dụng đạn vỏ giấy. Một trong số đó là kiểu của Sharps.
Sharps rifles and carbines were used in the West well before the Civil War and were used by both sides during the Western Campaign. Because it was a breechloading arm the War Department was interested in these arms from their earliest developement on. There were government trials and purchases from1850 on. Both the US and British government were purchases. The Confederates in the West captured Sharps from Union supply depots, forts etc. at the beginning of the war. Sharps were also captured at some of the small forts in the El Paso- Mesilla area during the early part of the campaign.
In fact, to truly understand the history of this successful breech loader, you need to remember as far back as 1788. It was then that Captain John Han**** Hall was born in Portland, Maine. It was on May 21, 1811 that a patent was issued to Captain J. H. Hall and the young Washington architect, William Thornton. This patent reflected that they were the first U.S. citizens to create a breech-loading long arm.
By 1812 the breech loading mechanism had been improved so as to withstand the force of a heavier powder charge as required for military service. Breech-loading long arms had several advantages. The Halls were easier to load, especially when finding one''''s self in a difficult position. Loading a gun from the breech was much easier than doing so from the muzzle, especially while lying on the ground. Moreover this relaxed method of loading was also beneficial when on horse back. Fumbling with powder charges was next to impossible while in the saddle. Breech-loading also reduced the risk of overloading an arm which was a common mistake in the panic of a combat situation.
On September 12, 1848 as a result of these arduous studies, a U.S. Patent was obtained. The patent describes a, "gun with sliding breech-pin and self-capping." Sharps solved the problem of leaking gunpowder in the breech with the use of the drop block. The Sharps rifle had a small block in the breech of the gun that slid up or down in a slot. This was controlled by a lever which served a second purpose as a trigger guard. When the trigger guard was lowered and pulled forward, the block slid into position, opening the breech for loading. When the trigger guard was closed, the mechanism raised the small block up into the breech. The drop block sealed the breech and greatly reduced the escape of gas and the threat of backflash. This eliminated most of the complaints which seemed to accompany the use of Hall''''s arms. However, although fast sturdy and reliable, Sharps'''' arms still leaked some fire at the breech.
An added advantage of Sharps'''' rifles was that in ad***ion to the tight seal, an edged blade was screwed to the face of the breechblock. This cut the linen or paper cartridge exposing the powder and thus setting up the rifle for the next stage of firing. The cone or nipple was then ready for primers fed by Dr. Maynard''''s tape primer system and later the R. S. Lawrence disk primer magazine. An ad***ional feature was that the primer magazine could be shut off if needed, and ordinary caps could be substituted.









Được thoky sửa chữa / chuyển vào 18:08 ngày 24/08/2004

Falling block
Quay lại về thời gian một chút xíu và liên quan đến vấn đề đạn.
Ta đã biết : trước khi sử dụng đạn có vỏ kim loại, các loại súng được nạp đạn từ phía đầu nòng. Nhưng không hoàn toàn có sự thay đổi ngay lập tức như vậy : có một số kiểu súng sử dụng đạn vỏ giấy. Một trong số đó là kiểu của Sharps.
Sharps rifles and carbines were used in the West well before the Civil War and were used by both sides during the Western Campaign. Because it was a breechloading arm the War Department was interested in these arms from their earliest developement on. There were government trials and purchases from1850 on. Both the US and British government were purchases. The Confederates in the West captured Sharps from Union supply depots, forts etc. at the beginning of the war. Sharps were also captured at some of the small forts in the El Paso- Mesilla area during the early part of the campaign.
In fact, to truly understand the history of this successful breech loader, you need to remember as far back as 1788. It was then that Captain John Han**** Hall was born in Portland, Maine. It was on May 21, 1811 that a patent was issued to Captain J. H. Hall and the young Washington architect, William Thornton. This patent reflected that they were the first U.S. citizens to create a breech-loading long arm.
By 1812 the breech loading mechanism had been improved so as to withstand the force of a heavier powder charge as required for military service. Breech-loading long arms had several advantages. The Halls were easier to load, especially when finding one''''s self in a difficult position. Loading a gun from the breech was much easier than doing so from the muzzle, especially while lying on the ground. Moreover this relaxed method of loading was also beneficial when on horse back. Fumbling with powder charges was next to impossible while in the saddle. Breech-loading also reduced the risk of overloading an arm which was a common mistake in the panic of a combat situation.
On September 12, 1848 as a result of these arduous studies, a U.S. Patent was obtained. The patent describes a, "gun with sliding breech-pin and self-capping." Sharps solved the problem of leaking gunpowder in the breech with the use of the drop block. The Sharps rifle had a small block in the breech of the gun that slid up or down in a slot. This was controlled by a lever which served a second purpose as a trigger guard. When the trigger guard was lowered and pulled forward, the block slid into position, opening the breech for loading. When the trigger guard was closed, the mechanism raised the small block up into the breech. The drop block sealed the breech and greatly reduced the escape of gas and the threat of backflash. This eliminated most of the complaints which seemed to accompany the use of Hall''''s arms. However, although fast sturdy and reliable, Sharps'''' arms still leaked some fire at the breech.
An added advantage of Sharps'''' rifles was that in ad***ion to the tight seal, an edged blade was screwed to the face of the breechblock. This cut the linen or paper cartridge exposing the powder and thus setting up the rifle for the next stage of firing. The cone or nipple was then ready for primers fed by Dr. Maynard''''s tape primer system and later the R. S. Lawrence disk primer magazine. An ad***ional feature was that the primer magazine could be shut off if needed, and ordinary caps could be substituted.









Được thoky sửa chữa / chuyển vào 18:08 ngày 24/08/2004

Needle rifle
Những khẩu súng với cơ chế bolt action và bộ kim hoả dạng kim kích hoạt bằng lò xo xoắn ốc (needle) đầu tiên cũng đã sử dụng đạn vỏ giấy.
Người đầu tiên sáng chế ra loại này là ông Johann Nikolaus Dreyse người Đức, thực hiện năm 1827.
The invention of a German engineer named Johann Nikolaus Dreyse, who started his work in 1827 at his workshop in Sommerda near Erfurt. His first experimental models were smooth bore muzzle loaders. His first breech loader, rifled barrel, with an improved breech mechanism, was constructed in 1835 and after thorough testing was adopted by the Prussian Army as a standard weapon in 1840. All subsequent successful breech loading systems were based on this design; but for it, even the Mauser Rifle could not have been developed. In fact the loading mechanisms of repeating rifles (as well as all other improvements on the breech loader up to and including its present form) can all be traced back to the Model 1841 Needle Rifle. This 1862 model varies from the Model 1841 by having different sights and a shorter barrel.
The Needle Fire Rifle first made its appearance in street fighting in Dresden during the revolt of May 1849. The Dreyse Rifle played an important role in the war with Denmark in 1864 and particularly in the Prussian Campaign against Austria two years later. The employment of the Needle Fire Rifle radically changed military tactics in the 19th Century. The cartridge used with this rifle consisted of the paper case, the bullet, the priming cap and the powder charge. The bullet was shaped like an acorn, with the broader end forming a point. It was glued in a paper case known as a ''''''''''''''''Sabot''''''''''''''''. Between this inner lining and the outer case was the black powder charge. The upper end of the paper case was rolled up and bounded together before the needle could strike the primer which was attached to the base of the bullet; its point then passed through the powder and hit the primer ahead. The theory of this placement of the primer would give more complete combustion of the charge.
Hãy để ý rằng hạt nổ của đạn nằm ở phần giữa viên đạn. Do vậy, kim hoả khá dài để xuyên qua phần đuôi viên đạn.



Tiếp theo Dreyse, ông Antoine Alphonse Chassepot cũng cho ra đời loại súng của của Pháp "Fusil Mod 66" năm 1866.
Officially known as "fusil modele 1866", a military breechloading rifle, famous as the arm of the French forces in the Franco-German War of 1870-71. It has its inventor name, Antoine Alphonse Chassepot (1833-1905), who, from 1857 onwards, had constructed various experimental forms of breechloader. It became the French service weapon in 1866.
In the following year it made its first appearance on the battlefield at Mentana (November3rd, 1867), where it inflicted severelosses upon Garibaldis troops. In the war of 1870 it proved very greatly superior to the German needle-gun. The breech was closed by a bolt very similar to those of more modern rifles, and amongst the technical features of interest were the method of obturation, which was similar in principle to the de Bange obturator for heavy guns, and the retention of the paper cartridge.
The chassepot was replaced in 1874 by the Gras rifle, which had a metal cartridge, and all rifles of the older model remaining in store were converted to take the same ammunition (fusil modle 1866/74)






Được thoky sửa chữa / chuyển vào 15:02 ngày 25/08/2004
Được thoky sửa chữa / chuyển vào 15:10 ngày 25/08/2004
Được thoky sửa chữa / chuyển vào 15:47 ngày 25/08/2004

Needle rifle
Những khẩu súng với cơ chế bolt action và bộ kim hoả dạng kim kích hoạt bằng lò xo xoắn ốc (needle) đầu tiên cũng đã sử dụng đạn vỏ giấy.
Người đầu tiên sáng chế ra loại này là ông Johann Nikolaus Dreyse người Đức, thực hiện năm 1827.
The invention of a German engineer named Johann Nikolaus Dreyse, who started his work in 1827 at his workshop in Sommerda near Erfurt. His first experimental models were smooth bore muzzle loaders. His first breech loader, rifled barrel, with an improved breech mechanism, was constructed in 1835 and after thorough testing was adopted by the Prussian Army as a standard weapon in 1840. All subsequent successful breech loading systems were based on this design; but for it, even the Mauser Rifle could not have been developed. In fact the loading mechanisms of repeating rifles (as well as all other improvements on the breech loader up to and including its present form) can all be traced back to the Model 1841 Needle Rifle. This 1862 model varies from the Model 1841 by having different sights and a shorter barrel.
The Needle Fire Rifle first made its appearance in street fighting in Dresden during the revolt of May 1849. The Dreyse Rifle played an important role in the war with Denmark in 1864 and particularly in the Prussian Campaign against Austria two years later. The employment of the Needle Fire Rifle radically changed military tactics in the 19th Century. The cartridge used with this rifle consisted of the paper case, the bullet, the priming cap and the powder charge. The bullet was shaped like an acorn, with the broader end forming a point. It was glued in a paper case known as a ''''''''''''''''Sabot''''''''''''''''. Between this inner lining and the outer case was the black powder charge. The upper end of the paper case was rolled up and bounded together before the needle could strike the primer which was attached to the base of the bullet; its point then passed through the powder and hit the primer ahead. The theory of this placement of the primer would give more complete combustion of the charge.
Hãy để ý rằng hạt nổ của đạn nằm ở phần giữa viên đạn. Do vậy, kim hoả khá dài để xuyên qua phần đuôi viên đạn.



Tiếp theo Dreyse, ông Antoine Alphonse Chassepot cũng cho ra đời loại súng của của Pháp "Fusil Mod 66" năm 1866.
Officially known as "fusil modele 1866", a military breechloading rifle, famous as the arm of the French forces in the Franco-German War of 1870-71. It has its inventor name, Antoine Alphonse Chassepot (1833-1905), who, from 1857 onwards, had constructed various experimental forms of breechloader. It became the French service weapon in 1866.
In the following year it made its first appearance on the battlefield at Mentana (November3rd, 1867), where it inflicted severelosses upon Garibaldis troops. In the war of 1870 it proved very greatly superior to the German needle-gun. The breech was closed by a bolt very similar to those of more modern rifles, and amongst the technical features of interest were the method of obturation, which was similar in principle to the de Bange obturator for heavy guns, and the retention of the paper cartridge.
The chassepot was replaced in 1874 by the Gras rifle, which had a metal cartridge, and all rifles of the older model remaining in store were converted to take the same ammunition (fusil modle 1866/74)






Được thoky sửa chữa / chuyển vào 15:02 ngày 25/08/2004
Được thoky sửa chữa / chuyển vào 15:10 ngày 25/08/2004
Được thoky sửa chữa / chuyển vào 15:47 ngày 25/08/2004

Nòng súng và đạn
Quá trình phát triển của súng dài cũng có thể được phân theo cấu trúc của nòng súng. Những khẩu súng của giai đoạn đầu có nòng trơn (smooth bore) và nạp loại đạn chì hình cầu. Để tăng độ chính xác khi tác xạ, nòng súng đã được tạo rãnh xoắn (rifled) để viên đạn được bay xoắn ốc quanh trục của nó trên đường đến mục tiêu.
Một trong những khẩu muzzle-loader nòng có rãnh được sử dụng nhiều ở Mỹ trước đây là loại Lancaster (hay Kentucky hay Pensilvania rifle)


A number of inventors offered guns of different construction incorporating rifling of widely differing designs of which only three were eventually considered worthy of serious trial. They were pieces by Messrs Charles Lancaster (1820-78), William Armstrong (1810-1900) and Joseph Whitworth (1803-87). Projectiles and methods of rotation were many and varied. Most guns were of cast iron, soon to be proved unsuitable for rifled ordnance.
Về cơ bản, có các dạng nòng có rãnh như sau :


Về đạn, có một số loại được phát minh để thay thế cho đạn hình cầu.
Baker and Norton
The British Baker rifle introduced in 1800 was sighted to 300 yards but was not considered effective over 200 unless handled by a skilled marksman. In 1838 it was superseded by the Brunswick, a copy of the rifle then issued to the Hanoverian Army, a somewhat better weapon. Rifles of other nations were of similar effectiveness. At 400 metres from the enemy, Gunners felt safe.
Riflemen had long realised that a cylindrical bullet would perform more efficiently in a rifle than a ball of like weight. They made many experiments to find one which could be easily loaded without distorting it by ramming, as occurred with both the Baker and the Brunswick, and which would expand on firing to be rotated by the rifling. Some of their attempts are worth mentioning.

In 1823 Captain John Norton of the 34th Regiment provided the obvious solution. He took a cylindro-conoidal bullet slightly smaller in diameter than the bore down which it could be easily slid for loading, then hollowed out the base so it would expand into the rifling on firing. But the Board of Ordnance, having found it worked perfectly, rejected it on the grounds that spherical missiles were the only types acceptable for military purposes. And most members of the Board were Gunners!
The real reason for the rejection was that in the services ''progress'' was a rude word. Officers lived in an atmosphere of hidebound tra***ion an unreasoning resistance to change, rank and file existed in one of apathy, fear and ignorance.
Norton''s bullet

Greener and Minié
In 1836 William Greener, a celebrated gunsmith, proposed a similar hollow-based bullet fitted with a conical wooden cup designed to be driven into the base cavity by propellant gas mixture, thus expanding it into the rifling, but the Board rejected this also, because it was of a composite nature, ie in two bits, therefore too difficult to manufacture!
Another twelve years slipped by. Then in 1848 the Prussians made their Dreyse ''needle gun'' a general issue to all troops. A bolt-action breech-loading rifle sighted to 600 metres, it proved vastly superior to any other service small arm.
Greener''s bullet

In the same year Captain Claude-Etienne Minié of the French Army produced a bullet virtually the same as Greener''s (some say he copied it) - and the Board of Ordnance accepted it! Needless to say Greener was not amused; he took legal action , and the Board was obliged to pay him £1000 ($2000) compensation.

Britain soon commenced the manufacture of the Minié rifle, issue of which began in 1851. Calibre was 0.702-inch - so it could fire the old musket balls in an emergency. It was sighted to 1000 yards but could kill at 1400.
Those in the field of artillery found themselves outranged. No more would there be tales of gallant troop commanders galloping into action ''... to within half-musket shot...'' of the enemy, dropping their trails and opening up with case! In Britain the Board of Ordnance at last woke up and let it be known they were prepared to evaluate any pieces of rifled ordnance inventors might offer.

Minié''s bullet


Có một loại khá đặc biệt về cả nòng và đạn : đó là loại Withworth
A muzzle loading single shot percussion rifle manufactured in England, it was highly prized by marksmen and imported in limited numbers by the Confederacy. Outwardly it looked like an Enfield or a Springfield, but a look in the barrel shows that it was much more sophisticated than they were. It was very expensive for the times (about $100 each) and achieved its legendary accuracy by means of a hexagonally shaped bullet and a spiraling and hexagonally shaped bore which was difficult to machine, but was not subject to fouling by lead residue as were rifled bores. The bullet was also difficult to load, and this rifle was used only by specialists. The Union general Sedgewick was reportedly killed at Spotsylvania by a Confederate sharpshooter at 1800 yards (although this distance is probably an exageration), using a Whitworth equipped with a 3x telescopic sight which was generally mounted on the left side of the receiver. The Whitworth''s spiraling six-sided bore permitted the shaped bullet to be made of harder alloy than lead and thus have a very high penetrating power. The other round bore rifled muzzleloaders used the minié type bullet (see below) which expanded under the pressure of the exploding gases, thus filling the bore and engaging the rifling grooves. This required that the bullet be made of relatively soft metal which tended to deform under firing and to disintegrate upon striking the target. The breechloaders had slightly oversized bullets which achieved the same effect.

Nòng súng và đạn
Quá trình phát triển của súng dài cũng có thể được phân theo cấu trúc của nòng súng. Những khẩu súng của giai đoạn đầu có nòng trơn (smooth bore) và nạp loại đạn chì hình cầu. Để tăng độ chính xác khi tác xạ, nòng súng đã được tạo rãnh xoắn (rifled) để viên đạn được bay xoắn ốc quanh trục của nó trên đường đến mục tiêu.
Một trong những khẩu muzzle-loader nòng có rãnh được sử dụng nhiều ở Mỹ trước đây là loại Lancaster (hay Kentucky hay Pensilvania rifle)


A number of inventors offered guns of different construction incorporating rifling of widely differing designs of which only three were eventually considered worthy of serious trial. They were pieces by Messrs Charles Lancaster (1820-78), William Armstrong (1810-1900) and Joseph Whitworth (1803-87). Projectiles and methods of rotation were many and varied. Most guns were of cast iron, soon to be proved unsuitable for rifled ordnance.
Về cơ bản, có các dạng nòng có rãnh như sau :


Về đạn, có một số loại được phát minh để thay thế cho đạn hình cầu.
Baker and Norton
The British Baker rifle introduced in 1800 was sighted to 300 yards but was not considered effective over 200 unless handled by a skilled marksman. In 1838 it was superseded by the Brunswick, a copy of the rifle then issued to the Hanoverian Army, a somewhat better weapon. Rifles of other nations were of similar effectiveness. At 400 metres from the enemy, Gunners felt safe.
Riflemen had long realised that a cylindrical bullet would perform more efficiently in a rifle than a ball of like weight. They made many experiments to find one which could be easily loaded without distorting it by ramming, as occurred with both the Baker and the Brunswick, and which would expand on firing to be rotated by the rifling. Some of their attempts are worth mentioning.

In 1823 Captain John Norton of the 34th Regiment provided the obvious solution. He took a cylindro-conoidal bullet slightly smaller in diameter than the bore down which it could be easily slid for loading, then hollowed out the base so it would expand into the rifling on firing. But the Board of Ordnance, having found it worked perfectly, rejected it on the grounds that spherical missiles were the only types acceptable for military purposes. And most members of the Board were Gunners!
The real reason for the rejection was that in the services ''progress'' was a rude word. Officers lived in an atmosphere of hidebound tra***ion an unreasoning resistance to change, rank and file existed in one of apathy, fear and ignorance.
Norton''s bullet

Greener and Minié
In 1836 William Greener, a celebrated gunsmith, proposed a similar hollow-based bullet fitted with a conical wooden cup designed to be driven into the base cavity by propellant gas mixture, thus expanding it into the rifling, but the Board rejected this also, because it was of a composite nature, ie in two bits, therefore too difficult to manufacture!
Another twelve years slipped by. Then in 1848 the Prussians made their Dreyse ''needle gun'' a general issue to all troops. A bolt-action breech-loading rifle sighted to 600 metres, it proved vastly superior to any other service small arm.
Greener''s bullet

In the same year Captain Claude-Etienne Minié of the French Army produced a bullet virtually the same as Greener''s (some say he copied it) - and the Board of Ordnance accepted it! Needless to say Greener was not amused; he took legal action , and the Board was obliged to pay him £1000 ($2000) compensation.

Britain soon commenced the manufacture of the Minié rifle, issue of which began in 1851. Calibre was 0.702-inch - so it could fire the old musket balls in an emergency. It was sighted to 1000 yards but could kill at 1400.
Those in the field of artillery found themselves outranged. No more would there be tales of gallant troop commanders galloping into action ''... to within half-musket shot...'' of the enemy, dropping their trails and opening up with case! In Britain the Board of Ordnance at last woke up and let it be known they were prepared to evaluate any pieces of rifled ordnance inventors might offer.

Minié''s bullet


Có một loại khá đặc biệt về cả nòng và đạn : đó là loại Withworth
A muzzle loading single shot percussion rifle manufactured in England, it was highly prized by marksmen and imported in limited numbers by the Confederacy. Outwardly it looked like an Enfield or a Springfield, but a look in the barrel shows that it was much more sophisticated than they were. It was very expensive for the times (about $100 each) and achieved its legendary accuracy by means of a hexagonally shaped bullet and a spiraling and hexagonally shaped bore which was difficult to machine, but was not subject to fouling by lead residue as were rifled bores. The bullet was also difficult to load, and this rifle was used only by specialists. The Union general Sedgewick was reportedly killed at Spotsylvania by a Confederate sharpshooter at 1800 yards (although this distance is probably an exageration), using a Whitworth equipped with a 3x telescopic sight which was generally mounted on the left side of the receiver. The Whitworth''s spiraling six-sided bore permitted the shaped bullet to be made of harder alloy than lead and thus have a very high penetrating power. The other round bore rifled muzzleloaders used the minié type bullet (see below) which expanded under the pressure of the exploding gases, thus filling the bore and engaging the rifling grooves. This required that the bullet be made of relatively soft metal which tended to deform under firing and to disintegrate upon striking the target. The breechloaders had slightly oversized bullets which achieved the same effect.

Bác thoky chịu khó viết bài bằng tiếng Việt với ạ.

Bác thoky chịu khó viết bài bằng tiếng Việt với ạ.

Needle rifles - continue
Cơ cấu kim hoả bolt action do Dreyse sáng chế được sử dụng cho những khẩu súng dài đến tận ngày nay. Về loại bolt action với kim hoả needle này, bài trên đây đã mô tả sơ lược hai loại đầu tiên của Dreyse và Chassepot. Trong phần này, một số loại sử dụng kim hoả hình kim không phổ biến bằng hai loại trên được giới thiệu qua hình. Nếu bạn nào có thêm thông tin về các loại này xin bổ sung hộ.
Đây là một khẩu khá hiếm của Mỹ :



Hai khẩu của Áo :







Một khẩu của Bỉ :





Một khẩu của Đức :