Thần chiến tranh NAPOLEON

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7-pounder là trọng lượng của đạn pháo chứ không phải của khẩu pháo.

Đây là 1 loại đạn chống bộ binh, tiếng Pháp gọi là "boite de mitraille". Vào thời đó nó chỉ đơn giản là 1 gói sắt vụn bọc trong túi vải thôi chứ chưa cầu kì như đạn Canister ngày nay. Khi khai hoả, túi vải sẽ cháy, bục ra làm thành 1 hình côn sát tử phía trước nòng súng. 1 giàn súng đại bác (Battery) 8-9 khẩu bắn đạn này vào đội hình bộ binh đang đứng sát nhau tấn công có thể tiêu diệt được cả trung đoàn trong chớp mắt...
Chính vì thế mà lúc này bộ binh rất kiêng đại bác

Theo meo con được biết thì vào thời Napoleon, nước Pháp và nước Nga là hai nước có lực lượng pháo binh mạnh nhất Châu Âu và cả hai đều cố gắng tận dụng tối đa ưu điểm này. VD: Trong trận Wagram, Napoleon đã huy động đến hơn 550 cỗ pháo để nghiền nát quân Áo. Còn trong trận Borodino, Quân Nga huy động gần 640 cỗ pháo và quân Pháp thì có đến 587 khẩu. Và trận đánh đã kéo dài 5 ngày trong tiếng đạn pháo rền vang.

Đây là những cột mốc quan trọng trong đới Napoleon
Chronology
Major Events 1769-1820
1769 to 1792
Bonaparte''s early years - the French Revolution - the First Coalition - Valmy - Jemappes.
1793 to 1795
Execution of Louis XVI - Neerwinden - Dumouriez''s defection to Allies - siege of Toulon - Wattignies.
1796 to 1797
Bonaparte marries Josephine Beauharnais - Montenotte - Dego - Castiglione - Arcola - Rivoli - Cape St Vincent - British naval mutinies - treaty of Campo Formio.
1798 to 1799
Campaign in Egypt - the Pyramids - Aboukir - battle of the Nile - the Second Coalition - Acre - Mt Tabor - Coup of Brumaire - Allies invade Holland - Bonaparte becomes First Consul.
1800 to 1802
Austria attacks Italy - Bonaparte crosses the Alps - Marengo - Hohenlinden - assassination attempt on Bonaparte.
1803 to 1805
France sells Louisiana to America - France and Spain become allies - plot against Bonaparte - arrest of General Moreau - introduction of Civil Code - creation of the marshalate - Bonaparte crowned emperor - the Third Coalition formed - Austria attacks Bavaria - Trafalgar - French occupy Vienna - Austerlitz.
1806 to 1808
The Fourth Coalition - France attacks Prussia - Jena-Auerstadt - French occupy Berlin - Bonaparte enters Poland - Eylau - Montevideo - Britain attacks Copenhagen - France invades Portugal - Junot occupies Lisbon - Bonaparte orders invasion of Spain - British land in Portugal - Rolica - Vimiero - Convention of Cintra - Moore takes over British in Spain - Somosierra - sieges of Saragossa - retreat begins to Corunna.
1809 to 1811
Corunna - Oporto - the Fifth Coalition - Abensberg - Aspern-Essling - Wagram - Talavera - Bonaparte divorces Josephine - Bussaco - Lines of Torres Vedras - Badajoz - Fuentes de Onoro - Albuera.
1812 to 1813
Ciudad Rodrigo - Badajoz - the Sixth Coalition - Salamanca - Garcia Hernandez - France invades Russia - Borodino - the disastrous French retreat - US-Anglo war of 1812 - Prussia declares war on France - Vitoria - Austria joins France''s enemies - Leipzig.
1814 to 1815 & later
Invasion of France - Allies enter Paris - Bonaparte forced to abdicate by his marshals - death of Josephine - Congress of Vienna - New Orleans - Bonaparte''s exile on Elba - Bonaparte''s escape - the 100 Days'' Campaign - Ligny - Quatre Bras - Waterloo - Bonaparte''s second exile on St Helena - execution of Marshal Ney - death of Bonaparte.

Austerlitz
2 December, 1805
Regarded as Napoleon Bonaparte''s greatest victory, Austerlitz was a sublime trap that destroyed the armies of his enemies Russia and Austria.
Tricking his opponents into thinking he was weaker than he actually was, and then calling in nearby reinforcements, Bonaparte initially met the combined Allied army of 85,000 men and 278 guns with just 66,000 men.
The French emperor deliberately abandoned a strong central position on the Pratzen Heights and left his right flank weak.
The Allies eagerly moved forward to occupy the heights and then weakened the centre to crush the French right.
As the bulk of Austrian and Russian troops attacked, Marshal Davout''s III Corp arrived to bolster the French line.
With more and more Allied troops sucked into the attack, Bonaparte launched an assault that took back the Pratzen Heights and split the enemy.
After much hard fighting the French crushed the Allies. Thousands of fleeing troops drowned when a frozen lake split under the weight of men and guns.
French losses amounted to 8000 while the Russian and Austrian emperors, present at the battle, saw more than 27,000 men killed, wounded and captured. Bonaparte also captured 180 cannon.

Auerstadt
14 October, 1806
Although overshadowed by Napoleon Bonaparte''s nearby victory at Jena, Marshal Davout''s stunning demolition of the main Prussian army - more than twice the size of his force - at Auerstadt, has to rate as one of the most brilliant military displays of modern history.
Davout ran into the Prussians while trying to cut the line of retreat of what Bonaparte had thought was the main enemy force.
Realising he was in real trouble, Davout initially went on the defensive in and around a small village called Hassenhausen and was able to beat off a series of disjointed attacks.
For an hour and a half Davout''s III Corps held on then, sensing a weakening of Prussian resolve, the marshal went on to the attack.
Shocked by the decisiveness and ferocity of III Corps'' assault the Prussians wilted and soon Frederick William III was ordering a retreat.
A rout followed and Prussia''s military hopes lay shattered with more than 13,000 casualties and 115 lost guns.

Aspern Essling
21-22 May 1809
Having succeeded in capturing his Austrian enemy''s capital of Vienna on 13 May, Napoleon Bonaparte needed to cross the Danube to seek out and destroy Archduke Charles and his main army.
The emperor''s problem centred on the successful destruction of bridges across the rain-swollen Danube by the retreating Austrians and he finally found a potential crossing point at Lobau Island, some four miles away. The island was occupied and a bridge constructed by engineers.
On 20 May, Marshal Massena led his IV Corps across to form a bridgehead and to check for enemy troops. By the next morning, more than 24,000 men with 60 cannon were occupying the villages of Aspern and Essling.
The first thing the French command knew about the Austrian army was when more than 95,000 troops, supported by 200 cannon, moved against them.
Reinforcements to the bridgehead were limited by the regular loss of part of the span due to debris and boats sent down the torrent by the Austrians.
Fortunately, for the French, a low wall ran between the two village strongpoints and this, together with desperate courage, allowed them to hold large portions of the positions.
Driven out on several occasions, the French soldiers always managed to retake them at the point of a bayonet.
By the 22 May, most of Bonaparte''s forces were on the northern bank but the destruction of the bridge delayed Marshal Davout''s III Corps and weakened a French counterattack that pushed the Austrians to breaking point.
Knowing he did not have enough men to break the enemy, the French emperor ordered a withdrawal to the Aspern-Essling line where a renewed series of Austrian attacks forced him to pull back on to Lobau Island.
The repositioning took most of the night to achieve, but it was done in good order and when the final troops made the crossing the bridge was taken down.
While not a true defeat, Aspern -Essling marked the first serious reverse suffered by Bonaparte at the hands of his foes.
More than 21,000 French soldiers became casualties and the army suffered the grievous loss of one of its finest commanders, when Marshal Lannes died after losing a leg to a cannonball wound.

Friedland
June 14, 1807
Map
As he looked down on the town of Friedland, General Bennigsen must have been pleased. Opposing his 61,000 Russians were a mere 17,000 French troops.
Moving forward with some 40,000 men, he found that his enemy was putting up stiff resistance and the opposing Marshal Lannes was refusing to give ground *****perior numbers.
Bennigsen now found his men split by the Alle river and suddenly assaulted by 80,000 Frenchmen under the personal command of Napoleon Bonaparte.
It took the emperor under two hours to smash the Russian left wing and only one more to send them fleeing for safety.
Russian losses were some 20,000 men and 80 cannons, while the French suffered 12,000 casualties.

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