Thử thách Anh-Việt

Tôi thấy "lean production" là một khái niệm mới thậm chí cả với nước ngoài. Có lần tôi hỏi một người nước ngoài về cái từ này thì họ bảo bạn có dịch là "production without waste" và họ thấy một số các nước khác dịch thế.
đây là một bài viết giới thiệu sơ bộ về sự ra đời của LP, các bạn tham khảo xem:
The Toyota Production System developed after the Second World War when Toyota was a small company. It was faced with the producing for a variety of cars for a small market and had only a small capital base. A production system was required that was capable of short product, rapid change to between kinds and models of automobiles, and the smallest amount of work in process possible. Engineer Ohno and other Japanese engineers were familiar with mass production of cars from their plant visits in the United States. Where US managers saw efficiency, Ohno saw waste at every turn. He understood that the pressure to keep each machine running at maximum production led to extensive inventories that he called ?othe waste of over production.? And he understood that the pressure to keep the assembly line moving meant defects were built into the car requiring. Where the US approach aimed to minimize the cost of each part, Ohno?Ts objective was to instantly deliver a product meeting a specific customer?Ts requirements without inventory. This objective defines waste for any form of production, craft, mass or lean, and sets a multi-dimensioned standard of perfection that prevents sub-optimization. For example, instant delivery is possible from inventory; this is why we have pots of coffee. But the resources in inventory may not meet unique customer requirements, double-lowfat-decaffinated-latte.
Engineer Ohno began to develop the principles of lean production (as opposed to mass) as he redesigned the Toyoya production process. His relentless pursuit of perfection lead to the new form of production we call Lean .
Pursuit of perfection:
Waste is defined by the standard of perfection. Failure to meet the unique requirements of a client is waste, as is time beyond instant and inventory standing idle. The standard demands a new form of production management. Zero time delivery of a car meeting customer requirements, with nothing in inventory required that the rapid movement of each car down the line be tightly coordinated with the arrival of parts from supply chains. Rework would have to be eliminated as it reduced throughput, the time to make a car from beginning to end, and caused workflow to be unreliable. Eliminating unreliable workflow was key to both throughput and minimizing inventory. Ohno recognized that reducing the cost or increasing the speed of any one activity is likely to inject uncertainty into the flow of work and thus rarely contributes to increased throughput or lowest total cost. Rapid completion and low cost require high throughput resulting from matching the arrival of resources ?oJustified-in-time? with the flow of work.
A new view of the production system:
Moving toward perfection starts with understanding the value stream, the way value to the customer is delivered. Once the value stream is mapped, the task becomes making work flow continuous and reliable. The final step is to improve the performance of each activity in ways that both add value and assure reliable flow, and then to repeat the process. By contrast, in mass production, as in construction, production is conceived as a series of activities, and efforts to improve are aimed at each activity with little concern for value or flow.

Có cái đoạn văn này, được viết bởi một chuyên gia người Malaysia, đọc nghe nó ngang xương, mọi người dịch thử nhé:
However, the flirtation with flexible exchange rate was brief as flaws with this system quickly prompted all three countries to again revert to a quasi US dollar peg. Allowing their currencies to depreciate, to improve import competitiveness, is seen as a sure-fire way to kick-start a recovery, post-crisis. The biggest fear associated with a floating system is the potential for excessive volatility in exchange rate movements. Volatility of the exchange rates, in the short term, would translate to higher exchange risks and increase interest rate premia, which would undermine economic growth. The other problem is the risk of medium-term currency misalignment and gyrations.
Cám ơn trước nhé.

Có cái đoạn văn này, được viết bởi một chuyên gia người Malaysia, đọc nghe nó ngang xương, mọi người dịch thử nhé:
However, the flirtation with flexible exchange rate was brief as flaws with this system quickly prompted all three countries to again revert to a quasi US dollar peg. Allowing their currencies to depreciate, to improve import competitiveness, is seen as a sure-fire way to kick-start a recovery, post-crisis. The biggest fear associated with a floating system is the potential for excessive volatility in exchange rate movements. Volatility of the exchange rates, in the short term, would translate to higher exchange risks and increase interest rate premia, which would undermine economic growth. The other problem is the risk of medium-term currency misalignment and gyrations.
Cám ơn trước nhé.

Hic em dốt cả tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt, hỏi mọi người đừng chê. Cái từ altar dịch ra tiếng Việt là gì cho đúng ạ? Trong từ điển A - V nó dịch là bàn thờ, nhưng theo em hiểu cái từ này là cái bàn ông linh mục hay đứng, làm lễ cưới cho các đôi ấy. Trong trường hợp như vậy thì phải dịch altar là gì ạ?

Hic em dốt cả tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt, hỏi mọi người đừng chê. Cái từ altar dịch ra tiếng Việt là gì cho đúng ạ? Trong từ điển A - V nó dịch là bàn thờ, nhưng theo em hiểu cái từ này là cái bàn ông linh mục hay đứng, làm lễ cưới cho các đôi ấy. Trong trường hợp như vậy thì phải dịch altar là gì ạ?

Mình thì cũng chẳng giỏi, nhưng thấy cái từ ngộ ngộ nên thử trả lời nhé:
Altar có 2 nghĩa, không có nghĩa nào cần ngữ cảnh:
1. altar, communion table, Lord''s table -- (the table in Christian churches where communion is given)
2. altar -- (a raised structure on which gifts or sacrifices to a god are made)
Cái nghĩa thứ 2 chính là cái bàn thờ hay ban thờ của mình, còn cái nghĩa đầu thì gọi là "bàn" hay "ban" thánh lễ". Mình chằng đi theo đạo, nên chẳng biết nói thế có đúng không.

Mình thì cũng chẳng giỏi, nhưng thấy cái từ ngộ ngộ nên thử trả lời nhé:
Altar có 2 nghĩa, không có nghĩa nào cần ngữ cảnh:
1. altar, communion table, Lord''s table -- (the table in Christian churches where communion is given)
2. altar -- (a raised structure on which gifts or sacrifices to a god are made)
Cái nghĩa thứ 2 chính là cái bàn thờ hay ban thờ của mình, còn cái nghĩa đầu thì gọi là "bàn" hay "ban" thánh lễ". Mình chằng đi theo đạo, nên chẳng biết nói thế có đúng không.

Altar có thể là "bàn thờ" cũng được mà "bàn làm lễ" cũng được. Nó còn là "án thờ" nữa.

Altar có thể là "bàn thờ" cũng được mà "bàn làm lễ" cũng được. Nó còn là "án thờ" nữa.

Thế còn cái pulpit thì sao hả bác? Cái podium nữa? Xem thêm:
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/2/Christianity/plans.html