Tiềm lực quân sự Trung Quốc - Phần 1

Lại là Tầu chán chưa .....

TQ nó giúp mình thiết kế và thi công cái sân bay Nội bài, sau đó làm cả hầm chứa máy bay tránh bom trong vùng đồi núi xung quanh.
Những năm đánh Mỹ, máy bay mình cũng "chui" vào núi y như thế, thế nên KQ việt nam mình mới thoát được ném bom huỷ diệt của Mỹ. Sân bay hỏng nặng nề, nhưng máy bay thiệt hại ít.
Cấu trúc và địa hình xung quanh sân bay Nội bài thế nào chắc bọn TQ cũng rành rẽ không kém mình. Nó mà đánh bất ngờ thì cũng căng, không biết hậu quả sẽ thế nào.
Nhớ lại trường hợp Iraq. Chuyên gia quân sự Iraq sang Việt nam tham khảo tactics cũng được khuyên làm hầm ngầm giấu máy bay như vậy, nên bố Iraq thuê các công ty Đức, Anh, Pháp thiết kế làm hộ hầm ngầm. Lúc đó Iraq đang chiến tranh với Iran bằng vũ khí hiện đại nhập từ những nước này. Phương Tây giúp đỡ Iraq vì Iran sau Cách mạng Hồi giáo đã theo đuổi chính sách chống Phương Tây, thậm chí giết người Mỹ.
Đến khi chiến tranh 90 xảy ra, hiểu rõ toàn bộ cơ sở vật chất của mình hoàn toàn không có gì bí mật với liên quân, TThống Iraq đã phải quyết định sơ tán toàn bộ máy bay sang Iran. Chỉ có ~220 máy bay đi thoát. Số còn lại đều bị Liên quân ném bom phá huỷ từ dưới / trong lòng đất bằng pinpoint attacks khi chưa kịp báo động. Trong chiến tranh 2003, Iraq dùng chiến thuật mới đưa máy bay ra ngay cạnh sân bay rồi ... lấp cát, trồng cây lên trên nguỵ trang. KQ Mỹ tạch, không phát hiện ra được. Chỉ khi Iraq bị chiếm 2 tháng sau Mỹ mới "đào" ra Mig21, 25 nhờ lính chỉ điểm (NYtimes).

TQ nó giúp mình thiết kế và thi công cái sân bay Nội bài, sau đó làm cả hầm chứa máy bay tránh bom trong vùng đồi núi xung quanh.
Những năm đánh Mỹ, máy bay mình cũng "chui" vào núi y như thế, thế nên KQ việt nam mình mới thoát được ném bom huỷ diệt của Mỹ. Sân bay hỏng nặng nề, nhưng máy bay thiệt hại ít.
Cấu trúc và địa hình xung quanh sân bay Nội bài thế nào chắc bọn TQ cũng rành rẽ không kém mình. Nó mà đánh bất ngờ thì cũng căng, không biết hậu quả sẽ thế nào.
Nhớ lại trường hợp Iraq. Chuyên gia quân sự Iraq sang Việt nam tham khảo tactics cũng được khuyên làm hầm ngầm giấu máy bay như vậy, nên bố Iraq thuê các công ty Đức, Anh, Pháp thiết kế làm hộ hầm ngầm. Lúc đó Iraq đang chiến tranh với Iran bằng vũ khí hiện đại nhập từ những nước này. Phương Tây giúp đỡ Iraq vì Iran sau Cách mạng Hồi giáo đã theo đuổi chính sách chống Phương Tây, thậm chí giết người Mỹ.
Đến khi chiến tranh 90 xảy ra, hiểu rõ toàn bộ cơ sở vật chất của mình hoàn toàn không có gì bí mật với liên quân, TThống Iraq đã phải quyết định sơ tán toàn bộ máy bay sang Iran. Chỉ có ~220 máy bay đi thoát. Số còn lại đều bị Liên quân ném bom phá huỷ từ dưới / trong lòng đất bằng pinpoint attacks khi chưa kịp báo động. Trong chiến tranh 2003, Iraq dùng chiến thuật mới đưa máy bay ra ngay cạnh sân bay rồi ... lấp cát, trồng cây lên trên nguỵ trang. KQ Mỹ tạch, không phát hiện ra được. Chỉ khi Iraq bị chiếm 2 tháng sau Mỹ mới "đào" ra Mig21, 25 nhờ lính chỉ điểm (NYtimes).

Ngoài biển người còn có làn sóng thép heheeee...Kiểu này có lẻ cậu nào phải lẹ tay chế cây súng 37 nòng để trị .

Ngoài biển người còn có làn sóng thép heheeee...Kiểu này có lẻ cậu nào phải lẹ tay chế cây súng 37 nòng để trị .

The New York Times
ghẻ bắt nạt các nước lưu vực Mê kông.

March 19, 2005
CHINA''''S REACH: THE TROUBLE DOWNSTREAM
In Life on the Mekong, China''''s Dams Dominate
By JANE PERLEZ
HIANG KHONG, Thailand - For countless generations, fishermen along the Mekong
River have passed their lore and way of life from father to son: the rhythms of the water,
the habits of the many kinds of fish, the best nets and traps to use *****rvive and prosper.
But Sri Sumwantha, 70, one of the old men of Asia''''s majestic river, has left his delicate pirogue
tied up at the riverbank for longer stretches than usual. Through green bamboo stands, he has
watched the caramel-colored current slow and surge unpredictably and his catch diminish. Now,
he worries how much longer his family can live off the river.
The reason is China. China''''s ravenous appetite for hydroelectric power at home and its thrust
southward into Southeast Asia in search of trade is changing the very character of the Mekong.
This is true not only in China itself, but also for the five nations and 60 million rural people
downstream for whom the great river serves as their life''''s blood.
Several hundred miles upstream from Sri Sumwantha''''s simple home, China has completed two
dams. It is pushing ahead with three more and has three others on the drawing board. Just about
70 miles away from here, China has blasted reefs and rocks at the border of Laos and Myanmar
to clear the way for its trading vessels to reach new markets deep into Laos.
The effects of the river projects that serve China''''s colossal upstream ambitions have been visible
for several years, but are growing more worrying, say conservationists and those who live on the
river.
The fish species found in this stretch of the Mekong in northern Thailand dwindled from 100 to
only 88 last year, said Sayan Khamnueng, a researcher with the Southeast Asia River Network,
an environmental group.
Water levels and temperatures have fluctuated widely, threatening the river environment and
disrupting the livelihoods of the fishermen and others who depend on the $2 billion annual catch
of migratory fish.
For the fishermen, their revered river, once nearly untouched and steady in its moods, has turned
into a fickle sea. "In the past the river was up and down like nature - every three or four days up
and down," said Tan Inkew, 72, a fisherman who lives in Meung Kan village. "Now the river is

like the sea - up and down, up and down very quickly."
Protests by Mr. Tan and other fishermen helped persuade the Thai government to stop China
from blasting the rapids in Thai waters near his home, between the port of Chiang Saen and
Chiang Khong.
"We protested outside the Chinese Embassy in Bangkok," Mr. Tan recalled. "We told them to
stop blasting - and if they don''''t stop, we''''ll fight them."
Still, he worries about the impact of China''''s dams as well. His recalled how his son was recently
out on the water for nine hours but "did not catch one thing."
While Mr. Tan and his neighbors may have scored a small victory, clearly China cannot be kept
at bay for long. The Mekong has been protected through the ages by a lack of development, and
more recently by wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, as it winds its way on a brawling 2,870-
mile journey from the Tibetan plateau to its delta in Vietnam.
But today the countries downstream from China - Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and
Vietnam - have settled into an era of relative peace and have shed their old fears of China,
indeed, are currying favor. Booming Thailand is seeking more trade with China. Impoverished
Laos and Cambodia want China''''s aid to kick-start their economies. Myanmar shares China''''s
passion for hydropower *****pply future growth.
"China seems to be doing this with impunity," said Aviva Imhof, director of Southeast Asia
programs at International Rivers Network, a nongovernmental group in Berkeley, Calif. "The
Mekong is slowly being strangled to death. Why aren''''t the downstream governments
challenging China''''s activities?"
The concern extends beyond environmental groups and fishermen.
Ted Osius, until recently the State Department''''s regional environmental affairs officer and once
a senior White House adviser to Vice President Al Gore, suggests that an unchecked China
could turn the Mekong into an ecological disaster, akin to the Yellow River and the Yangtze
River.
"China has a poor record on river protection," Mr. Osius said in a speech in Bangkok, noting
that 80 percent of the Yangtze''''s historic flood plain has already been cut off by a dike and levee
system.
Today China''''s economic and political power along the Mekong is unrivaled. More than ever, it
is being strengthened and extended through growing trade and diplomatic ties and its use of new
multilateral tools, like the Asian Development Bank.
The bank, a major lender for poverty alleviation, was until now dominated by Japan. China
contributed to its capital fund for the first time in 2004 - gaining more power over how the
bank''''s loans are distributed. The impact was immediate.
The bank added a new vice president, Jin Liqun, a former deputy finance minister in Beijing.
Most important, the bank''''s grand plan for roads, bridges and a telecommunications network to
knit southern China together with the five other Mekong River countries - a plan 10 years in
abeyance - got a quick boost.
Long-stalled work was suddenly under way on a 152-mile road from Yunnan Province across
untamed territory to Houey Xai, a Laotian river town just a few hundred yards across the
Mekong from Sri Sumwantha''''s village. Although relatively short, the road provides the vital
link to China.
A bridge is also in the works to replace the little ferryboats now used to cross the river. By the
end of the decade, China could be connected by roads that cross the Mekong, head down to
Bangkok and then run on to Malaysia and finally Singapore.
"China''''s donation gives them a seat at the donor''''s table," said Bruce Murray, the bank''''s
representative in Beijing. "When they give, donors always have a certain agenda."
China''''s new clout can be felt on other important projects as well.
One of the most controversial is a $1.3 billion dam proposed for the Theun River, a major
Mekong tributary in Laos, a plan that has been fought over for more than a decade.
The World Bank is expected to approve loan guarantees for the dam in March. American
diplomats say they have quietly supported the World Bank''''s role - its first dam project in a
decade - for fear that otherwise China will step in.
"The Laotians have told the World Bank that if the bank does not guarantee the dam and make it
go ahead, they will turn to the Chinese," an American official said. The United States is
reluctant to have China build and manage one of Southeast Asia''''s biggest dams, he said.
China, diplomats and conservationists say, would be much less fussy about the dam''''s impact
than the consortium seeking World Bank support, led by Electricity Generating Authority
Thailand (EGAT) and France''''s state-owned Electricité de France.
Here in Chiang Khong, where the fishermen''''s bamboo houses are nestled along the banks, the
changes to the river that China has already made are quickly causing a way of life to recede,
along with the bounty of the Mekong''''s waters.
Mr. Sayan, of the Southeast Asian River Network, said fishermen had stopped selling their fish
at the main market in Chiang Rai. "They don''''t have enough," he said.
In extreme cases, the fishermen have given up and become laborers, unloading the trading
vessels from China that dock at Chiang Saen, laden with fruits and vegetables, electronics and
cheap garments. "As laborers they become impoverished and are miserable," said Chainarong
Srettachau, the director of the river network.
Some fishermen have begun supplementing their incomes with crops. But crops are being hurt,
too. China''''s upstream dams are also holding back as much as 50 percent of the fertile silt that is
essential to the soil and that normally flows down river, according to conservationists.
Erosion is also worsening. At Pak Ing, a small village near Chiang Khong, fishermen pointed to
a 12-foot-high wall of exposed soil, a muddy mini-cliff where the water, flowing faster because
of blasting of the rapids, has cut into once gently sloping riverbanks. The next step will be to
erect concrete banks to hold back the land.
Farther downstream, the effects may be even more severe. In Cambodia, an intricate ecology
and age-old economy depend on the ebb and flow of the great lake fed by the Mekong, Tonle
Sap, which can swell fourfold during the rainy season. The rhythm of life is built around the
seasonal tides and the bounty that the waters provide.
The fish catch dropped by almost 50 percent last year, according to the Mekong River
Commission. In many areas, the low catches were caused by the sudden fluctuations that
occurred when dams in China released water to allow easier passage for trading vessels, said
Milton Osborne, an Australian historian and an expert on the Mekong.
The water from the dams is also much colder than the water downstream, affecting the fish,
which are extremely sensitive to changes in temperature, Mr. Osborne wrote last year in a paper
titled "River at Risk" for the Lowy Institute, a public policy group in Sydney.
Large species in particular had fallen off, he said. The outlook for the river and its vast
ecosystem was not promising, he added.
"Because of the enormous imbalance of power between China and the downstream countries,"
he said, "it is highly unlikely that there will be a halt to China''''s projected dam building program
on the Mekong."
But Mr. Chainarong of the river network was less pessimistic.
"Two or three years ago, people said we would never be able to stop China blasting the Mekong
inside Thailand," he said. "But we did."
"One good thing," he noted, "is that China doesn''''t want to have conflict downstream. That''''s the
challenge. The situation is up to China: does it want to go friendly or hostile?"
Được Bundeswehr sửa chữa / chuyển vào 07:11 ngày 22/03/2005

The New York Times
ghẻ bắt nạt các nước lưu vực Mê kông.

March 19, 2005
CHINA''''S REACH: THE TROUBLE DOWNSTREAM
In Life on the Mekong, China''''s Dams Dominate
By JANE PERLEZ
HIANG KHONG, Thailand - For countless generations, fishermen along the Mekong
River have passed their lore and way of life from father to son: the rhythms of the water,
the habits of the many kinds of fish, the best nets and traps to use *****rvive and prosper.
But Sri Sumwantha, 70, one of the old men of Asia''''s majestic river, has left his delicate pirogue
tied up at the riverbank for longer stretches than usual. Through green bamboo stands, he has
watched the caramel-colored current slow and surge unpredictably and his catch diminish. Now,
he worries how much longer his family can live off the river.
The reason is China. China''''s ravenous appetite for hydroelectric power at home and its thrust
southward into Southeast Asia in search of trade is changing the very character of the Mekong.
This is true not only in China itself, but also for the five nations and 60 million rural people
downstream for whom the great river serves as their life''''s blood.
Several hundred miles upstream from Sri Sumwantha''''s simple home, China has completed two
dams. It is pushing ahead with three more and has three others on the drawing board. Just about
70 miles away from here, China has blasted reefs and rocks at the border of Laos and Myanmar
to clear the way for its trading vessels to reach new markets deep into Laos.
The effects of the river projects that serve China''''s colossal upstream ambitions have been visible
for several years, but are growing more worrying, say conservationists and those who live on the
river.
The fish species found in this stretch of the Mekong in northern Thailand dwindled from 100 to
only 88 last year, said Sayan Khamnueng, a researcher with the Southeast Asia River Network,
an environmental group.
Water levels and temperatures have fluctuated widely, threatening the river environment and
disrupting the livelihoods of the fishermen and others who depend on the $2 billion annual catch
of migratory fish.
For the fishermen, their revered river, once nearly untouched and steady in its moods, has turned
into a fickle sea. "In the past the river was up and down like nature - every three or four days up
and down," said Tan Inkew, 72, a fisherman who lives in Meung Kan village. "Now the river is

like the sea - up and down, up and down very quickly."
Protests by Mr. Tan and other fishermen helped persuade the Thai government to stop China
from blasting the rapids in Thai waters near his home, between the port of Chiang Saen and
Chiang Khong.
"We protested outside the Chinese Embassy in Bangkok," Mr. Tan recalled. "We told them to
stop blasting - and if they don''''t stop, we''''ll fight them."
Still, he worries about the impact of China''''s dams as well. His recalled how his son was recently
out on the water for nine hours but "did not catch one thing."
While Mr. Tan and his neighbors may have scored a small victory, clearly China cannot be kept
at bay for long. The Mekong has been protected through the ages by a lack of development, and
more recently by wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, as it winds its way on a brawling 2,870-
mile journey from the Tibetan plateau to its delta in Vietnam.
But today the countries downstream from China - Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and
Vietnam - have settled into an era of relative peace and have shed their old fears of China,
indeed, are currying favor. Booming Thailand is seeking more trade with China. Impoverished
Laos and Cambodia want China''''s aid to kick-start their economies. Myanmar shares China''''s
passion for hydropower *****pply future growth.
"China seems to be doing this with impunity," said Aviva Imhof, director of Southeast Asia
programs at International Rivers Network, a nongovernmental group in Berkeley, Calif. "The
Mekong is slowly being strangled to death. Why aren''''t the downstream governments
challenging China''''s activities?"
The concern extends beyond environmental groups and fishermen.
Ted Osius, until recently the State Department''''s regional environmental affairs officer and once
a senior White House adviser to Vice President Al Gore, suggests that an unchecked China
could turn the Mekong into an ecological disaster, akin to the Yellow River and the Yangtze
River.
"China has a poor record on river protection," Mr. Osius said in a speech in Bangkok, noting
that 80 percent of the Yangtze''''s historic flood plain has already been cut off by a dike and levee
system.
Today China''''s economic and political power along the Mekong is unrivaled. More than ever, it
is being strengthened and extended through growing trade and diplomatic ties and its use of new
multilateral tools, like the Asian Development Bank.
The bank, a major lender for poverty alleviation, was until now dominated by Japan. China
contributed to its capital fund for the first time in 2004 - gaining more power over how the
bank''''s loans are distributed. The impact was immediate.
The bank added a new vice president, Jin Liqun, a former deputy finance minister in Beijing.
Most important, the bank''''s grand plan for roads, bridges and a telecommunications network to
knit southern China together with the five other Mekong River countries - a plan 10 years in
abeyance - got a quick boost.
Long-stalled work was suddenly under way on a 152-mile road from Yunnan Province across
untamed territory to Houey Xai, a Laotian river town just a few hundred yards across the
Mekong from Sri Sumwantha''''s village. Although relatively short, the road provides the vital
link to China.
A bridge is also in the works to replace the little ferryboats now used to cross the river. By the
end of the decade, China could be connected by roads that cross the Mekong, head down to
Bangkok and then run on to Malaysia and finally Singapore.
"China''''s donation gives them a seat at the donor''''s table," said Bruce Murray, the bank''''s
representative in Beijing. "When they give, donors always have a certain agenda."
China''''s new clout can be felt on other important projects as well.
One of the most controversial is a $1.3 billion dam proposed for the Theun River, a major
Mekong tributary in Laos, a plan that has been fought over for more than a decade.
The World Bank is expected to approve loan guarantees for the dam in March. American
diplomats say they have quietly supported the World Bank''''s role - its first dam project in a
decade - for fear that otherwise China will step in.
"The Laotians have told the World Bank that if the bank does not guarantee the dam and make it
go ahead, they will turn to the Chinese," an American official said. The United States is
reluctant to have China build and manage one of Southeast Asia''''s biggest dams, he said.
China, diplomats and conservationists say, would be much less fussy about the dam''''s impact
than the consortium seeking World Bank support, led by Electricity Generating Authority
Thailand (EGAT) and France''''s state-owned Electricité de France.
Here in Chiang Khong, where the fishermen''''s bamboo houses are nestled along the banks, the
changes to the river that China has already made are quickly causing a way of life to recede,
along with the bounty of the Mekong''''s waters.
Mr. Sayan, of the Southeast Asian River Network, said fishermen had stopped selling their fish
at the main market in Chiang Rai. "They don''''t have enough," he said.
In extreme cases, the fishermen have given up and become laborers, unloading the trading
vessels from China that dock at Chiang Saen, laden with fruits and vegetables, electronics and
cheap garments. "As laborers they become impoverished and are miserable," said Chainarong
Srettachau, the director of the river network.
Some fishermen have begun supplementing their incomes with crops. But crops are being hurt,
too. China''''s upstream dams are also holding back as much as 50 percent of the fertile silt that is
essential to the soil and that normally flows down river, according to conservationists.
Erosion is also worsening. At Pak Ing, a small village near Chiang Khong, fishermen pointed to
a 12-foot-high wall of exposed soil, a muddy mini-cliff where the water, flowing faster because
of blasting of the rapids, has cut into once gently sloping riverbanks. The next step will be to
erect concrete banks to hold back the land.
Farther downstream, the effects may be even more severe. In Cambodia, an intricate ecology
and age-old economy depend on the ebb and flow of the great lake fed by the Mekong, Tonle
Sap, which can swell fourfold during the rainy season. The rhythm of life is built around the
seasonal tides and the bounty that the waters provide.
The fish catch dropped by almost 50 percent last year, according to the Mekong River
Commission. In many areas, the low catches were caused by the sudden fluctuations that
occurred when dams in China released water to allow easier passage for trading vessels, said
Milton Osborne, an Australian historian and an expert on the Mekong.
The water from the dams is also much colder than the water downstream, affecting the fish,
which are extremely sensitive to changes in temperature, Mr. Osborne wrote last year in a paper
titled "River at Risk" for the Lowy Institute, a public policy group in Sydney.
Large species in particular had fallen off, he said. The outlook for the river and its vast
ecosystem was not promising, he added.
"Because of the enormous imbalance of power between China and the downstream countries,"
he said, "it is highly unlikely that there will be a halt to China''''s projected dam building program
on the Mekong."
But Mr. Chainarong of the river network was less pessimistic.
"Two or three years ago, people said we would never be able to stop China blasting the Mekong
inside Thailand," he said. "But we did."
"One good thing," he noted, "is that China doesn''''t want to have conflict downstream. That''''s the
challenge. The situation is up to China: does it want to go friendly or hostile?"
Được Bundeswehr sửa chữa / chuyển vào 07:11 ngày 22/03/2005

Thằng khựa khiếp thật, NC không mua thêm tên lửa đối không và Rada cảnh báo sơm thì nguy quá, số Su 30 nó sở hữu này:
VARIANTS
Type IOC Inventory Descriptions
Su-30MKK 2001 76 Basic variant two-seat multirole fighter
Su-30MK2 2004 24 Upgraded variant for the PLA Navy
Su-30MK3 - - Further upgraded variant
SENSORS
The Su-30MKK is equipped with a NIIP Tikhomirov N001VE (N001VEP on the Su-30MK2) coherent pulse Doppler radar with track-while-scan and look-down/shoot-down capability. The range of the radar against 3-square-metre targets is 110km in the forward hemisphere and 40km in the rear hemisphere. The radar has the capacity to search, detect and track up to ten targets with automatic threat assessment and proritisation.
The Su-30MKK is fitted with a OEPS-31E-MK forward-looking infrared/electro-optic and laser designation system derived from the OEPS-27 onboard the Su-27 with better performance. The system includes an infrared search-and-track (IRST) sensor collimated with a laser rangefinder.
The improved Su-30MKK2 fighter is reportedly fitted with a UOMZ Sapsan-E forward-looking infrared/electro-optic targeting and laser designation system, which represents the enhanced precision attack capability of the Su-30MKK2.
For better close air combat performance, the pilot is assisted by a holmet-mounted sight (HMS).
Không biết đê tạo thế cân bằng NC chọn P/Án gì đây ????

Thằng khựa khiếp thật, NC không mua thêm tên lửa đối không và Rada cảnh báo sơm thì nguy quá, số Su 30 nó sở hữu này:
VARIANTS
Type IOC Inventory Descriptions
Su-30MKK 2001 76 Basic variant two-seat multirole fighter
Su-30MK2 2004 24 Upgraded variant for the PLA Navy
Su-30MK3 - - Further upgraded variant
SENSORS
The Su-30MKK is equipped with a NIIP Tikhomirov N001VE (N001VEP on the Su-30MK2) coherent pulse Doppler radar with track-while-scan and look-down/shoot-down capability. The range of the radar against 3-square-metre targets is 110km in the forward hemisphere and 40km in the rear hemisphere. The radar has the capacity to search, detect and track up to ten targets with automatic threat assessment and proritisation.
The Su-30MKK is fitted with a OEPS-31E-MK forward-looking infrared/electro-optic and laser designation system derived from the OEPS-27 onboard the Su-27 with better performance. The system includes an infrared search-and-track (IRST) sensor collimated with a laser rangefinder.
The improved Su-30MKK2 fighter is reportedly fitted with a UOMZ Sapsan-E forward-looking infrared/electro-optic targeting and laser designation system, which represents the enhanced precision attack capability of the Su-30MKK2.
For better close air combat performance, the pilot is assisted by a holmet-mounted sight (HMS).
Không biết đê tạo thế cân bằng NC chọn P/Án gì đây ????

Theo BBC và các báo nhà ta thì Ukraine đã xuất 6 tên lửa đầu đạn hạt nhân tầm thấp X-55 sang ghẻ. Tên lửa X-55 có tầm bắn khoảng 3000 km
Vài số liệu theo Jane''''''''s)
X-55 CRUISE MISSILE
Soviet-era air-launched missile
Nuclear or conventional warhead
First test flight - 1976
Max range - 2,500km
Cruising speed - mach 0.8
Length - 6.04m
Launch weight - 1,210kg
Ukraine reportedly had 1,612 X-55s in 1991
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