Tiềm lực quân sự Trung Quốc - Phần 1

NORINCO WZ 551 armored personnel carrier
The existence of a new Chinese 6 x 6 armored personnel carrier was first revealed in early 1986. The driver sits at the front on the left with the vehicle commander to his right and the 12.7 mm machine gunner to his rear. Their compartment is separated from the troop compartment by an airtight door. The WZ 551 is fully amphibious, propelled in the water by two shrouded propellers mounted on either side under the rear. If the tires are punctured by bullets or splinters, it can still travel 62 miles (100 kilometers) at a speed of 25 mph (40 km/h). This picture shows the WZ 551 mounted with a 25 mm cannon and displays the propellers under the rear hull.

NORINCO Type YW 534 armored personnel carrier
This is believed to be the successor to the older series of full-tracked vehicles in service with the People''s Liberation Army for many years. The hull of the Type YW 534 is welded steel armor. It is fully amphibious, propelled in the water by its tracks, and can hold up to 15 people.

NORINCO Type 69 MBT
The Type 69 MBT (main battle tank) made its first public appearance in a parade outside Beijing in late 1982. During the three years ending in late 1987 between 1,800 and 2,500 of the tanks were delivered to combatants in the Persian Gulf. China, Iran and Iraq are believed to have 600 of the tanks -- about 200 each -- in service. The Type 69 is armed with a 100 mm smoothbore gun.

NORINCO Type 63 light amphibious tank
Believed developed from a Russian model, the Type 63 is fully amphibious, propelled by two water-jets of Russian design. China has an estimated 1,200 of these vehicles. The tank''s main weapon is an 85 mm gun.

Ming Type 035
The Ming-class is a remodeled Romeo-class submarine. The Romeo-class submarines were built using Soviet designs based on the German Type-21 U- boat of 1944. While these boats are entirely obsolete by modern standards, they are useful for patrol and coastal defense duties, and construction continues providing a relatively inexpensive replacement for aging Romeo-class boats.
In 1967 the Central Military Comission approved the development of the first generation medium-sized conventional-powered torpedo submarine. The Navy put forward comparatively high tactical criteria for this type of submarine, with an underwater speed was to be 40% higher than the copied improved version of Soviet medium-sized Romeo-class conventional-powered submarine. Therefore, the guiding direction for the development of the first generation medium-sized conventional-powered submarine was to utilize to the full the experience gained in the copying work and also the improved design as well as the existing technical foundation and make breakthroughs in principal technologies such as underwater cruising speed.
The No.701 Institute responsible for designing the medium-sized conventional-powered submarine, under the direction of Zhang Nanru, Yang Huansheng and Li Lianyou, placed the upgrading of underwater navigation performance of the submarine in the first priority. Starting from improvement on submarine''s hull form and reduction of submarine water resistance, on the basis of a great number of tests run by No.702 Institute, they decided to adopt a hull form of straight-raked bow, slanting stern, an adjustment in hull''s length-breadth ratio, reasonable arrangement of piping and valving in superstructure, reduced space between decks, reduction of eck width, improving the form and arrangement of flooding ports, so as to reduce submarine rag to a great extent.
The No.714 Institute responsible for designing underwater power equipment, designed the large power propelling electromotor and its corresponding control equipment and gave it to Xiangtan Electromotor Factory for trial-production. The lnstitute also selected the medium-speed diesel trial-produced by Shaanxi Diesel Factory, and increased the batteries to four groups. So the power of the underwater power plant was greatly increased. A high efficiency propeller was also designed. Due to adopting these measures, with the submarine volumetric displacement not increasing very much in comparison with the improved version of Soviet medium-sized conventional-powered submarine, her underwater propelling power and the battery energy was doubled, thus ensuring the submarine''s propulsion characteristics.
This first generation of medium-sized conventional-powered submarine was built by Wuchan shipyard. Under the direction of chief constructor Wei Xumin, the first boat was started in October 1969, launched in July 1971, and handed over for use in April 1974. The first boat built by Jiangnan shipyard was also built in November 1974. Soon after, aiming at the problems appearing in the trial-voyage of the first boat, Wuchang shipyard made improved design on the second boat, with considerable improvement in performance.
The first three units of this class -- ES5C/D (prototype variant) -- were completed between 1971 and 1979, though one was later scrapped after a fire. These earlier units (pennant No. 232, 233 and an unidentified boat) had faults which delayed the series production of the class, and they were retired in the 1980s.
In December 1983, a state appraisal was carried out on the first generation of medium-sized conventional-powered submarine, proving that the performance of speed and power, maneuverability, seakeeping, underwater endurance and underwater radiated noise were considerably improved and enhanced in comparison to the copied improved version of medium-sized conventional-powered submarine, the equipment in the boat was basically reliable.
The improved version is somewhat shorter than the initial Ming design, but with a deeper draft and somewhat greater displacement. The improved Ming has eight torpedo tubes [versus six on the earlier version], with the two new tubes placed astern. After the redesign, the Type 035 passed the national certification in 1983 and production resumed in 1987 at a rate of 1 unit per year. The program was thought to have terminated in 1992, but in fact it accelerated to 2 units per year from 1993. The 16th unit of this class was delivered in May 1997, and deployed to the South China Sea in June 1998. According to some sources, the other 15 Ming-class submarines all serve in the North Sea Fleet, with other sources maintain that these units are all deployed with the East Sea Fleet.
Thought to have terminated in 1996, the production line of the Type 035 was re-opened due to delays in the new Type 039 submarine program. The new boat was reportedly two meters longer than previous units, suggesting plans for continued production of this obsolete design. The Project 035 program produced its 20th hull late in 2000. An ad***ional 6 boats (pennant No. 305~310) in the improved Type 035G (ES5F?) model were built between 1997 and 2001. As of mid-2002 China had launched a total of 21 MINGs, and the program appeared to have finally concluded in favor of the more capable Yuan class.
No. 361
In late April or early May 2003 70 sailors on board the No. 361 submarine were killed in an accident that occured off the Chinese coast, east of the Neichangshan Islands in Northeastern China. The Ming-class vessels usually carry nine officers and 46 crew, suggesting that the others aboard might have been technicians or staff officers. It is thought that the submarine was taking part in naval exercises off the coast when it had a critical mechanical failure.
Initial reports from news sources, and this organization, initially believed that the submarine was from the East Sea Fleet but ad***ional information seems to indicate that it was from the North. Images acquired of the submarine and some of its sister ships illustrate a mountainous geography near the naval base which would be consistent with the north but inconsistent with information concerning the submarine base at Qingdao.
China''s Xinhua reported the news on May 2 stating that the submarine was either being towed or had already been towed back to an unidentified port. Early analysis indicates that the submarine, if towed to a naval base may been towed to Dalian or Lushun.
The cause of the accident was not initially disclosed. Military analysts speculated it may have suffered a gas leak, caught fire or collided with something. THe accident likely happened while the submarine was on the surface. If the accident happened when the boat was under water, it was unlikely that it could have been towed into port. The submarine''s batteries might have leaked acid that mixed with seawater, creating chlorine gas that killed the crew. Or the torpedoes could have leaked propellant that poisoned the crew.
May 26, 2005 Incident
On May 26, 2005, a Chinese Ming-class submarine was reported to have broken down while sailing near the Pratas Islands in the South China Sear. A fire that had broken out onboard the submarine while submerged was reported as the cause of the incident, which occured in international waters between Taiwan and Hainan. The incident was believed to have occured during a military exercise because of the presence of up to four PLAN ships in the area, in ad***ion to another submarine.
The damaged submarine was towed back to the Yulin Naval Port on Chinâ?Ts Hainan Island. No number of casualties and/or injuries were made available.

Kế hoạch tầu sân bay mới của khựa:
Aircraft Carrier Project
At present China has very little in the way of credible power-projection capabilities, though China can already project military forces superior to those that South-east Asian countries could deploy to the South China Sea. The PLA Navy has studied the acquisition of an aircraft carrier since the mid-1980s, and there are persistant reports that China has plans to launch a 40,000 ton class aircraft carrier by 2010, though these reports remain unsubstantiated and appear to based on woefully inadequate analysis and information.
While the navy has lobbied for a carrier for many years, their proposals have been overruled by the Central Military Commission. This decision may have been motivated by a desire not to be seen to be adding a major new capability to China''s maritime forces, with consequent adverse regional reaction. From a purely military perspective, a Chinese aircraft carrier would be expensive to operate, and carrier would be vulnerable to attack by aircraft, fast surface vessels and submarines. An aircraft carrier could enhance China''s ability to lay claim to the islands and coral atolls of the South China Sea, an area potentially rich in oil and other resources. And an aircraft carrier would make a potent political and diplomatic statement, potentially creating a major change in the strategic balance in East Asia. In 1992, the Chinese authorities reportedly authorized a program for studying the development of an aircraft carrier. Chinese leaders at various levels have done extensive feasibility studies on this project since then. In 1993, senior leaders of the Chinese Navy announced that China would start developing an aircraft carrier. In January 1993, Chinese political leaders decided to step up their carrier program and allocated several billion dollars for the project. At that time, China had planned to finish the first aircraft carrier by 2000, but the plan was delayed repeatedly due to lack of carrier technology. Eventually it was decided to advance the carrier program in two stages.
Phase 1 - Study Foreign Technology
During the first stage, China has bought several scrapped carriers from overseas in order to study the parts.
In 1985 China purchased the 17,000-ton former Royal Australian Navy aircraft carrier, HMAS Melbourne as scrap, and she was finally broken up in Dalian, China. According to some reports stated that as late as 1994 the ship was still in existence at Guangzhou, China, being studied by Chinese naval architects. The hulk had been stripped of all useful equipment prior to sale, but Australian Navy sources reportedly said that the Chinese were particularly interested in the ship''s steam catapult - even requesting the operating manuals. It is said that a navy unit has built a simulated flying deck at its airport in northern China. The design of the Melbourne was taken for reference. Reportedly, the airborne troops of the navy have used the deck to carry out numerous flying tests. The improved deck adopted the optical landing system designed and developed by China.

In 1992 China was reported to have opened discussions with Ukraine to purchase of the Varyag, a 67,500-ton Kiev-class attack aircraft carrier about two-thirds complete and docked at the Black Sea shipyard of Nikolayev. In mid-1992 China''s Science Academy sent 15 naval specialists to Ukraine for two months to conduct a feasibility study on the matter. After hearing their report, the Central Military Commission decided to go ahead with the plan and buy a carrier, aircraft and electronic equipment by 1994. These negotiations were ultimately fruitless, after Japan and the United States put pressure on Ukraine to pull out of the deal. In 1993 China began negotiations with Russia for the purchase of two 40,000-ton carriers, though again with no results.
In 1995 a Spanish firm, Empresa Nacional Bazan, is reported to have offered to build China two conventional takeoff-and-landing (CTOL) vessel, with the first to be delivered within five years and the second roughly three years later. While China is reported to have expressed an interest, a deal was not reached.
In late 1995, France is reported to have offerred the Clemenceau for free, provided that China bought radar and communications systems from French companies. Nothing came of the offer.
In 1998 the Minsk was purchased from a South Korean shipbreaking company by the Minsk Aircraft Carrier Industry Company, a Chinese firm. The South Korean firm stripped the vessel of its armaments, engines, and communications suite and required that the vessel would not be used for military purposes. The Chinese company had the ship towed to Guangdong Province, where it planned to convert the ship into a floating museum. In September 2000 the ship was moved to Shenzhen to become part of a theme park called Minsk World.
In early 1998 a Macau-based company, Chin Lot Tourist and Amusement Agency bought the Varyag for $20 million dollars, with the announced intent of turning it into a floating amusement park and gambling casino in Macau. The contract with Ukraine stipulated that the buyer can''t use the carrier for military purposes, and that any equipment that could be used to build other warships were removed from the craft. In 1999 a respected Hong Kong periodical reported that British and French companies had made Beijing an offer to equip the Varyag with many of the systems needed to make it operational.
In March 2002, following a significant delay by Turkish authorities who denied the carrier passage through the Bosporus Strait, the Varyag arrived in Dalian.
Chong Lot is a subsidary a Hong Kong firm called Chinluck (Holding). Chong Lot was also connected to another Hong Kong company, Goldspot Investments Ltd. All three firms had connections with former People''s Liberation Army officials. Directors of Chinluck were reported to have ties to the Chinese Navy, though Chinluck denied any People''s Liberation Army involvement in the sale of the Varyag. Three of the five directors of Chinluck Holding, the parent company of Chong Lot, are Chinese nationals from Shandong, which happens to be the home of the Chinese navy''s North sea fleet. Chinluck (Holding) Co. Ltd. does not have any public presence, and Chong Lot carried a non-existent address in Macau.
In 2003 Sky Cruise International Company Limited sought the winding up of Chinluck (Holdings) Company Limited. The petition was filed on August 16, 2003, and was heard before the High Court of Hong Kong on November 12, 2003 at 9:30 in the morning. Sky Cruise holds its registered office at 13th Floor, Bel Trade Commercial Building, 1-3 Burrows Street, Wanchai, Hong Kong.
On 04 April 2003 Zhong Nan Group (Hong Kong) Investments Ltd filed suit against Chinluck (Holdings) Co Ltd to recover USD1,928,200.
But the the Chinluck Group remained active. On 10 March 2005 Xinhuanet quoted Cheng Zhen Shu, who is chairman of the Chinluck Group Limited in Hong Kong, as saying "The adoption of the anti-secession law and mighty military strengthen will deter ''Taiwan independence'' elements from pursuingillegal activities."
The carrier is surrounded with heavy security in Dalian, which bars civilian access; police flank the shipyard entrance. This fueled speculation that the Varyag is being used by the Chinese military. It is not evident that China could actually turn Varyag into an active military warship, since he is badly deteriorated. Presently 70 percent complete, Varyag displaces about 33,600 tons [versus the 67,000-ton design displacement]. Varyag no longer has the nuclear reactors that were installed by the Ukrainian state-run Generating Systems of Crimea. Electronics were either never fitted or removed before he was sold.

In May 2000 the Tianma Shipbreaking Company in Tianjin purchased the Kiev from Russia. While the initial contract required that the ship be scrapped, the contract was renogatiated so that the Kiev would become a tourist attraction at the Beiyang Recreation Harbor.
Phase 2 - New Construction
China appears to have chosen to build a Chinese aircraft carrier, rather than purchasing one off-the-shelf. Although China?Ts long-term goal is to acquire one or more aircraft carriers and it has an active program to develop a design, it remains unclear whether Beijing has reached a firm decision on the kind of carrier it will have, given budget constraints and naval funding priorities.
The PLA Navy will need to overcome several large obstacles before it can field an operational aircraft carrier and associated supporting ships. First, the PLA Navy does not have any carrier-capable aircraft. Second, although substantially improved in these areas, it still needs more and better antisubmarine and antiaircraft capabilities to protect a carrier and its supporting vessels. Finally, to have adequate power projection capabilities from the use of a carrier, it is preferable to have more than one carrier so that a carrier is assuming the mission at sea at all times. Thus, many experts have concluded that an operational aircraft carrier does not appear to be in China''s near future, even though China is funding research and development and training officers in aircraft carrier operations.
According to one Russian report, China plans to build an aircraft carrier with a displacement of between 40,000 to 60,000 tons. The feasibility study and draft design of China''s aircraft carrier started in 1992. According to Russian sources, China began work on its own carrier in 1999 at Shanghai Shipyard. This carrier, code named "9985 plan" or "Project 9935," would have a 48,000 ton displacement, capable of carrying 30-40 fighter jets, most of which would be multi-functional SU-30MKK jets bought from Russia. The first carrier of purely Chinese design, the ship could have a built-in vertical anti-air and anti-ship missile launching system. China had reportedly started work on naval bases and harbors in Shanghai, Zanjiang and Dalian to improve docking facilities for this carrier.
The plan for China''s first light and conventional powered aircraft carrier was estimated to cost around 4.8 billion yuan, with authorities reportedly having already allocated one billion yuan for the first phase of the project. The aircraft carrier was expected to be launched in 2003 and to officially go into service in around 2005. From then on, it was estimated that China will be able to build a new aircraft carrier at an interval of every three years. If started in 1999, this carrier was expected to be completed by 2006. As of mid-2004 there were no credible reports of the start of construction of such a ship.
In early September 2003 the Harbin Technical University held its 50th anniversary celebration. Founded soon after the Chinese Communist revolution, Harbin has been deeply involved in PLA military technical research. As part of this celebration Harbin students produced a 1:100 scale model of a prospective aircraft carrier. Derived from the KUZNETSOV design, novel features include the placement of anti-ship missiles, and the use of a new anti-aircraft missile similar to that on the new No. 170 air defense destroyer. Such a ship could eventually carry an air wing comprised either of navalized Shenyang J-11 or Chengdu J-10 fighters, plus Kamov helicopters for ASW or AEW missions.
In January 2004 it was reported that China would build several helicopter carriers, having decided to delay plans to build aircraft carriers. China was said to ask a European country to build the helicopter carriers and a contract was said to be expected to be signed in the near future. An un-named European country was said to have provided China with the design and specifications of the carrier it would build for the Chinese navy. The helicopter carriers would act as a stopgap for aircraft carriers that the Chinese navy wanted to build, despite lacking the capability to do so.
In June 2005 it was reported that China had completed the final design for an aircraft carrier, and wouldsecretly start construction in early August 2005 at Jiang-nan Shipyard, Zhang-xing Island near Shanghai. The 29 June 2005 issue of Hong Kong Economic Daily (Jing-ji-ri-bao,) reported that the project would cost 3 billion yuan (390 million dollars), about 3% of China''s military budget. The ship was described as having a top speed of 30 knots, and a maximal displacement of 78,000 ton. It was said to be equipped with Russian engines and radars. It would carry 54 fighter planes and 13 anti-submarine helicopters, including the latest Russian fighters (Su-33). It was expected to enter service by the year 2008. Zhang Guang-qin, vice minister of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, denied the rumor that a carrier was under construction.
While these reports persist, they appear to be based on rumor and speculation, which despite repeated efforts, have gone unverified. For instance, the multiple aircraft carriers that China is reported to be building, are all said to be under construction at the same time at a shipyard in Shanghai, which is also enclosed, to prevent observation. Though efforts to identify a building or structure of this size have not yielded any results.
China has apparently decided to postpone commissioning of its first aircraft carrier until no earlier than 2010.
The formation of an experimental fleet centered on such a carrier would take another three to four years. Based on the experience of other countries, it seems that that China would start building 10,000 ton cruisers to be convoy ships. It is also possible that China will purchase such cruisers directly from overseas, most likely the "Ukraine," a missile cruiser from Ukraine, which is now 93% completed, and then build China''s own similar cruisers modeled on the "Ukraine."
Helicopters from a carrier could provide support to potential amphibious operations; fixed-wing aircraft operating from a carrier could provide greater air defense over a potential beachhead. If China were to build or purchase an aircraft carrier, such an asset would enable it to provide increased air defense and support for amphibious operations. The proposed Chinese aircraft carrier could be a vessel of 40,000-50,000 tons of displacement, one similar to the French "De Gaulle-Class" nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. Given the complexities of developing a new naval reactor considerably larger than the type used on PRC nuclear submarines and that a very long range is not required, conventional steam boilers would be adequate for a Chinese aircraft carrier. Russian designed steam turbines could give the carrier a top speed of 30 knots. The vessels might carry 24 combat aircraft, such as the Sukhoi-30MKK launched by a ski-jump. Below deck might be two missile launchers housing 24 missiles, either the Russian SSN-22 Sunburn or the more advanced Yakhont. China is also reported to be working on a land-attack cruise missile to be mounted on the vessel. China would probably build a carrier at the Shanghai Jiangnan Shipyard.

Sao bác OV đưa ảnh lung tung thế này

Tàu Tàu thăm Mỹ

Tại tên file giống nhau nên hình nó nhẩy lung tung.

Tiếp tục xin bỏ lệnh cấm vận vũ khí .
China to Ask EU to Lift Ban on Arms Sales


(Source: Voice of America news; issued Sept. 6, 2006)



Chinese officials say during Premier Wen Jiabao''s upcoming trip to Europe, he will ask the European Union to lift its ban on weapons sales to China.

A Chinese Foreign Ministry official, Li Ruiyu, said Wednesday that Mr. Wen would repeat a long-time call for the ban to be lifted during meetings in Finland, Britain and Germany.

The restrictions were imposed following China''s 1989 crackdown on pro-democracy protesters in Tiananmen Square. Beijing has long asked for the ban to be lifted.

The Chinese premier departs for Helsinki, Finland, Saturday to attend the annual Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM). His European tour ends September 14.