Trung Quốc tập trận

Trung Quốc tập trận

Last updated at: (Beijing Time) Tuesday, March 23, 2004
From military exercises to military diplomacy
Mar. 16 on China''s Yellow Sea Sino-French joint military exercises are getting on like a blazing fire. Along with constant implementation of China''s policy of reform and opening up and the growth of its overall national strength, the opening up of China''s army is being stepped up, showing a trend of all dimensional development.




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Mar. 16 on China''s Yellow Sea Sino-French joint military exercises are getting on like a blazing fire. As people know, though joint military exercise is an important reflection of the intimate relationship between two or several armies it is after all part of a military exchange. Along with constant implementation of China''s policy of reform and opening up and the growth of its overall national strength, the opening up of China''s army is being stepped up, showing a trend of all dimensional development.

At 8:00 am Mar. 16, two battleships on each side of the Chinese and French navies set off from Qingdao port and after piercing through the light morning fog they arrived at the designated waters where they began the eight-hour joint military exercises. This is the joint military exercise the largest in scale ever carried out by the Chinese navy and a foreign navy and the first naval maneuver between China and a western country.

The Chinese army has been carrying out frequent joint war exercises with foreign armies over the last two years. First in the autumn of 2002 the Chinese army and Kyrgyzstan army held a joint anti-terrorist exercise on the border of China and Kyrgyzstan. The year 2003 saw the most numerousness of joint military manoeuvre. The most spectacular one was the joint anti-terrorist exercise by SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) members - China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, which was both grand in scale and substantial in content. It was widely hailed by the international community. Then were the Sino-Pakistani and Sino-Indian joint naval exercises. All of them achieved the anticipated objectives.

*Spectacular joint military exercises.

*Establishing high-level mutual visits and consultation mechanism with military powers.

*Drastic expansion of training programs for military officers.

*Extension of organizational visits to alien lands.


The opening up of China''s army is being stepped up, indicating a trend of all-dimensional development
Though joint war exercise is an important reflection of the intimacy between the two or several armies it is after all part of a military exchange. As China is carrying out constantly its reform and opening up policy with an overall growth of national strength, the opening up of China''s army is being intensified, showing the trend of an all-dimensional development.

According to the agreement reached by the leaders of the two countries the Chinese army and the Russian armies have established consultation mechanism between their headquarters of the General Staff. Visiting exchanges and consultations between the top leaders of the two armies have been integrated into the track of the mechanism. In March Russian army''s First Deputy Chief of General Staff paid a visit to China to attend the 8th consultation meeting between the two headquarters of General Staff as stipulated in the agreement.

The visiting exchange by senior officers between the Chinese and US armies has been written into agreement and actually carried out, but was interrupted by the warplane collision incident over the South China Sea. The recent visit of the US'' Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to China and the Chinese Defense Minister''s visit to the US indicated that the visiting exchange by senior officers between the two armies has been restored. Under normal circumstances this trend of visit exchange between the two armies is going to be furthered.

Due to various restricting factors in history mutually entrusted training of Chinese and foreign military officers could not be realized until 1980s when the situation was alleviated. Take for example China''s top military academy - the PLA University of National Defense, it has trained thousands of middle-rank military officers for about a hundred countries and areas. Foreign military officers engaged in its long-term training programs come from more than 20 countries and areas. For years the Chinese army has sent out officers to study and do research work at military academies and research institutes in such countries as the United States, Russia, France, the UK and Australia. They join the study programs that may last as long as several months or even a few years.

The foreign exchanges the Chinese army is engaged in are of a great universality and comprehensiveness unprecedented ever since the founding of New China. In recent years the Chinese army sent out organizational visits to an even greater part of the world. This refers to the visits in formation by the navy. For more than 20 years the capital ship formations of Chinese navy have covered every ocean except the Arctic Ocean and paid visits to many countries of the five continents. In the meantime the Chinese navy welcomed the naval formations from various military powers of the world.

*Chinese officers impressed foreign colleagues with their accomplishment

*Mutual trust requires frequent exchanges.

*The increasingly severe international situation demands trans-boundary military cooperation.

*Extensive exchanges bring about complementary effect.

A few years ago as the new China-made guided missile destroyer visited the US, overseas Chinese and Chinese descendants in the US and those who came from Canada mounted the ship on hearing the news. As they recalled the past in the light of the present they couldn''t help heave with emotion. American friends on board were also amazed. Chinese military officers who have been abroad for studying, lecturing and researching surprised their foreign colleagues with their accomplishment, especially the professional accomplishment. Through frequent and extensive military exchanges with foreign countries the Chinese army has presented their revolutionized, standardized and modernized achievement in the face of the international community.

During the period when China practiced close-door policy, except for a few armies from neighboring countries, the Chinese army had almost none of military exchange with foreign armies. Western countries, even some neighboring countries were suspicious and wary of the Chinese army. Apart from political and diplomatic reasons the factor that the Chinese army lacked understanding and mutual trust with foreign armies was also an important reason.

Since the Chinese army opened the gate to foreign exchanges it has established various forms of relations with the world powers and the neighboring countries. Personnel visit exchanges, student exchanges and joint war exercises tend to increase in frequency, which provides effective channels for deepening and enhancing bilateral and multilateral understanding and trust.

Meanwhile China is also a nuclear country with nuclear deterrence and actual combat ability. For this reason to step up connections with armies of other nuclear countries and enhance mutual trust is of great importance for the prevention of nuclear accidents and wars.

The modernization process of the Chinese army started at a relatively later stage and has a lower level as compared to the military powers. The gap is huge. To realize "striding-over" development the Chinese army needs to learn from foreign armies under the principle of self-reliance and make full use of everything that can be utilized. With increasingly extensive foreign exchanges the Chinese army has learned a great deal of advanced military theories and ideas from the military powers as well as many useful experiences in army construction. These are very conducive to the speeding up of the Chinese army modernization process.

In the meantime it is a dual exchange. Foreign armies are also interested in learning the merits and strong points of the Chinese army. As China has made big breakthrough in the area of space engineering last year saw European Union invite China to join the research and development program of "Galileo" satellite positioning system. The two parties have signed official agreement. It is a model of mutual study and cooperation between the two parties.

At present terrorism has become a harmful threat to mankind. The containment and elimination of terrorism cannot in any way be achieved by one country or one region alone. It has to rely on international cooperation through coordinated actions such as joint war exercises, enhancing bilateral or multilateral military cooperation and improving joint anti-terrorist combat abilities. This has been made necessary by the general trend of international anti-terrorist cause. Apart from combating terrorism, the dealing with pirate rings which have become increasingly violent, various forms of drug trafficking and smuggling rings as well as the rescuing job in various catastrophic accidents require trans-boundary military cooperation. All of these require practical and effective military exchanges.

In the new century China is rising up in a peaceful way. As a spear in war and shield in peaceful times the Chinese army is coming to the global military stage with a completely new feature.

By People''s Daily Online


Last updated at: (Beijing Time) Monday, March 22, 2004
China values military ties with neighboring countries
The Chinese army is committed to consolidating military exchanges and cooperation with neighboring countries and these kinds of relations maintain good momentum, said Chinese Defense Minister Cao Gangchuan in Beijing Sunday.




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The Chinese army is committed to consolidating military exchanges and cooperation with neighboring countries and these kinds of relations maintain good momentum, said Chinese Defense Minister Cao Gangchuan in Beijing Sunday.

Cao, also vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission and a state councilor, made the remarks in an interview with Xinhua before starting his official goodwill visit to Pakistan, India and Thailand later this month at the invitation of the three countries'' defense ministers.

He said the visit is in line with China''s diplomatic efforts to build a good neighborly relationship and partnership with neighboring countries, and aims to consolidate and develop mutual understanding and trust, as well as deepen friendship and cooperation between China and the three countries.

"China is willing to actively create a harmonious, stable and peaceful regional political and security environment with all Asian countries, including Pakistan, India and Thailand," Cao said.

He said he will meet with government and military leaders of the three countries, and exchange views with them on issues of common concern.

China and Pakistan signed a joint declaration on bilateral cooperation last November, and when asked to comment on the relations between China and Pakistan and their armed forces, Cao said the Sino-Pakistani friendship has maintained continuous growth since the establishment of diplomatic relations despite the fast-changing international situation.

The Chinese government appreciates Pakistan''s unswerving support in international affairs, he said, adding that China is ready to further deepen the bilateral cooperation with Pakistan in various fields, so as to inject new vitality into bilateral friendly relations.

"Meanwhile, the two armed forces had frequent fruitful exchanges and cooperation at various levels in various fields," he said, expressing the hope that the bilateral military relations will continue to make new progress in the future.

Concerning the status quo of China-India relations, he said although the bilateral relationship had witnessed twists and turns, it moves ahead as a whole. The declaration on principles for relations and comprehensive cooperation between China and India signed last year marked a new development phase of China-India relations.

"We appreciate the positive remarks made recently by Indian Defense Minister George Fernandes on the current status and development momentum of Sino-Indian relations," he said.

The bilateral exchanges and cooperation in various areas are in the interests of the two countries as well as the two peoples, he said, adding that China attaches great importance to the constructive cooperative partnership with India, and is willing to promote the bilateral relations to a new high.

Cao said the Chinese and Indian armies had seen increasing exchanges in recent years. An Indian naval fleet visited Shanghai last November and the two sides held a joint search-and-rescue drill, which proved the determination of two countries to enhance neighborly friendly cooperation.

"I believe the exchanges between the two armies would further move ahead with the efforts of the two countries'' leaders," Cai said.

As for India-Pakistan relations, Cao said the two countries had set topics and an agenda for a comprehensive dialogue and reached agreement on solving disputes peacefully, which would help ease bilateral tensions.

"China welcomes and supports it," said Cao, adding that China, as a neighboring country, hopes the two sides solve their differences through dialogue and push forward their relations to contribute to the regional peace and development.

When asked to comment on China-Thailand relations, Cao said the two countries enjoyed long-standing tra***ional friendship, which had kept good momentum for many years, noting that the two sides are enjoying comprehensive, deep and high-level relations at present.

In a state visit to Thailand last October, Chinese President Hu Jintao exchanged views with the Thai leaders on furthering bilateral relations, setting forth a concrete plan to deepen bilateral strategic cooperation, nailing down the orientation of bilateral relations and boosting all-round bilateral development, said Cao.

The two armies also conducted frequent high-level exchanges in past years and had broad exchanges and cooperation in army building and supporting the national economy, said Cao.

China would expand cooperation with Thailand and promote the two armies'' relations to a higher level, he said.

Source: Xinhua

Liên Bang Nga vẫn ghi nhớ vai trò to lớn của Liên Xô cũ trong cuộc chiến tranh Việt-Trung năm 1979. Chẳng hạn, vào ngày 19 tháng 3, tờ báo Izvestia (Nga) bình luận rằng ?oLiên Xô cũ đã gốp phần quyết định và chiến thắng của Việt Nam.? Tờ báo Izvestia nhắc lại về vai trò của Trưởng cố vấn quân sự Liên Xô tại Việt Nam, Ðại tướng Guennady Obaturov.
Đúng 25 năm qua, nhiều diễn biến xẩy ra, khiến cho Bắc Kinh và Hà Nội không tránh được đụng độ trực tiếp. Lý do chính là Hà Nội theo sát con đường Liên Xô chống Trung Quốc, tranh chấp Việt-Hoa về lãnh thổ, và việc Việt Nam chiếm đóng Campuchia. Từ cuối năm 1978, nhà cầm quyền Việt Nam bắt đầu kêu gọi dân chúng sẵn sàng chống lại "chủ nghĩa bành trướng của nước lớn và ý đồ bá quyền của bọn Hán phong kiến." Liên hệ Việt-Hoa "môi hở răng lạnh" tan rã.
Mặt khác, vào ngày 3 tháng 11, 1978, Nga và Việt ký Hiệp ước Thân hữu và Hợp tác, trong đó điều 6 đặc biệt ghi rằng đôi bên sẽ áp dụng "các biện pháp thich nghi và hữu hiệu để bảo vệ hòa bình và an ninh" nếu một trong hai nước bị đe dọa hay tấn công. Liên Xô được phép lập căn cứ quân sự tại Cam Ranh và Đà Nẵng. Đầu năm 1979, số cố vấn và chuyên viên Xô Viết tại Việt Nam tăng lên 8,000. Phần thưởng của sự nhân nhượng này là Mạc Tư Khoa bật đèn xanh cho Hà Nội xúc tiến thực hiện và điều khiển "Liên Bang Đông Dương.
Tiếp theo Việt Nam chiếm đóng Campuchia. Vào ngày 7 tháng 1, 1979, với sự đồng ý và hỗ trợ vũ khí của Mạc Tư Khoa, 100,000 quân Việt tràn ngập Cao Miên và toàn thắng sau 1 tuần lễ. Nên cuộc "hành quân trừng phạt" của Quân đội Nhân dân Trung Quốc bắt đầu vào ngày 17 tháng 2, năm 1979, lúc 5 giờ sáng, theo chiến thuật "biển người", đến 600,000 lính Tàu tràn vào Lạng Sơn, (phía Đồng Đăng), Cao Bằng, Đồng Khê, Mông Cáy, và Lào Cai sau khi pháo kích mãnh liệt. Ngày 3 tháng 3, các tỉnh lỵ Lạng Sơn, Cao Bằng, Lào Cai và 17 quận thất thủ.
Đáng lưu ý, Ðại tướng Obaturov bắt đầu chuẩn bị sang Việt Nam từ cuối năm 1978. Theo Tướng Yevstafy Melnichenko, cựu chuyên viên Bộ tham mưu Liên Xô, Mạc Tư Khoa đã biết trước Trung Quốc sẽ đánh Việt Nam nên nhóm cố vấn do Tướng Obaturov dẫn đầu đã được thành lập từ đầu tháng 2, năm 1979. Ðại tướng Obaturov (1915-1996), nhà chuyên môn về xe tăng, từng trực tiếp thăm gia hai vụ Liên Xô can thiệp quân sự ở Tiệp Khắc (1968) và Hungaria (Hung Gia Lợi, năm 1956). Vào ngày 19 tháng 2, nhóm cố vấn quân sự Liên Xô bao gồm tổng cộng 20 viên Tướng đã bay qua Calcutta và đến Hà Nội.
Sau khi làm việc với Ðại tướng Văn Tiến Dũng và Bộ tham mưu trưởng Lê Trọng Tấn, Tướng Obaturov đã trực tiếp đến vùng Lạng Sơn và gần như bị lính Tàu giết hại. Tiếp theo, Tướng Obaturov đã gặp tổng bí thư Lê Duẩn và thuyết phục lãnh đạo Hà Nội rút một lữ đoàn từ Campuchia chuyển sang vùng Lạng Sơn. Phần lớn lữ đoàn đó do các máy bay vận tải Nga An-12 vận chuyển. Sau khi lữ đoàn Việt từ Campuchia đã đến biên giới phía Bắc, sự tiến quân Trung Quốc, mau lẹ lúc dầu, lần hồi bị chận lại.
Mạc Tư Khoa cũng yêu cầu Tàu rút binh khởi Việt Nam. Thủ Tướng Alexey Kosygin và Tổng bí thơ Leonid Brezhnev cực lực lên án Trung Quốc. Căn cứ vào Hiệp ước Thân hữu và Hợp tác Nga-Việt, Điện Kremlin đã tập trung 25 sư doàn gần biên giới giữa Siberi và Trung Quốc, đe dọa trùng phạt Bắc Kinh nếu họ không ngưng chiến dịnh chống Việt Nam. Sau đó, đến ngày ngày 17 tháng 2, 1979, không còn đơn vị Trung Quốc nào ở Việt Nam.
Số tổn thương của hai bên đều nặng. Phía Trung Quốc đã có đến 60,000 quân tử thương, mất 280 xe tăng, trong khi phía Việt Nam đã có đến 30,000 quân và dân thường tử thương.
Việt Nam lẫn Trung Quốc đều tuyên bố thắng trận nhưng không xứ nào hoàn thành mục tiêu chính yếu. Trung Quốc không hủy được một sư đoàn Việt nào, không chấm dứt được xung đột tại biên giới, không ép được các đơn vị Việt rút khỏi Campuchia. Đối với Việt Nam, hậu quả của cuộc chiến khá nặng nề. Trong vòng một năm, 1979-1980, ngân sách quốc phòng Việt Nam tăng rất mạnh, lục quân vượt từ 600,000 bộ binh lên một triệu vì lý do an ninh và cũng vì nhu cầu chiếm đóng Miên và Lào. Vào những năm 1979-1982, Ðại tướng Obaturov tiếp tục hướng dẫn chiến dịch lục quân Việt ở Lào và Campuchia.
WHEN I AM WALKING A DARK ROAD
I AM A MAN WHO WALKS ALONE

-Bài của bác PEMFC chả có ăn nhập gì cả, ko phải cái gì cũng nhét vào được. Lại nhất là cái bài của lão nào ở thuỷ hoa trang, chả biết cài gì về QS.
- Bác dầu vùng vịnh chịu khó Việt nam hoá giùm anh em, tôi chịu ko biết được tiếng Anh tiếng em nó ra sao.
 

Hehe, xin lỗi Spirou và anh em, đáng nhẽ phải chuyển bài của tôi sang mục "Tiềm lực QS của Khựa ..." thì hợp lý hơn, lúc đó đang vội nên post bừa. Hôm nay vừa đọc cái tin Khựa lại tranh chấp với Nhật quần đảo Uotsuri, càng thấy ghét cái bọn Khựa này, tham lam vô độ, cái gì cũng nhận là của mình. Nếu không cương quyết và chịu nhân nhượng mấy bãi cát ngoài biển thì đến cả SP có lẽ chúng nó cũng giở lịch sử từ thời ...Tần Thuỷ Hoàng ra để chứng minh là thuộc về chúng nó mất.
WHEN I AM WALKING A DARK ROAD
I AM A MAN WHO WALKS ALONE